Kune vemabhizinesi, kuwana kuchengetedzwa kwemari kwakakosha zvikuru. Kana iwe ukapinda muchibvumirano nemumwe bato, iwe unoda kuve nechokwadi chekuti mumwe wacho anozadzisa zvisungo zvekubhadhara kwechibvumirano. Kana ukapa mari kana kuita mainvestments kuitira kubatsira mumwe munhu, unodawo vimbiso yekuti mari yawakapa inozopedzisira yabhadharwa.
Nemamwe mashoko, unoda kuwana kuchengeteka mune zvemari. Kuwana kuchengetedzwa kwemari kunovimbisa kuti mukweretesi ane rubatso paanoona kuti zvaanoda hazvisi kuzozadzikiswa. Pane mikana yakasiyana-siyana yekuti vemabhizimisi nemakambani vawane kuchengetedzwa kwemari. Muchinyorwa chino, iwo akati wandei zvikwereti, escrow, (kambani yemubereki) vimbiso, 403-declaration, mortgage uye pledge ichakurukurwa.
1. Yakawanda chikwereti
Panyaya yemhosva yakawanda, inonziwo joint liability, pane kunyatsotaura hapana vimbiso inobudiswa, asi kune co-mukwereti anotora mutoro kune vamwe vane chikwereti. Mhosva dzinoverengeka dzinobva pachinyorwa 6:6 Dutch Civil Code. Mienzaniso yezvikwereti zvakati wandei mukati mehukama hwekambani vadyidzani vemubatanidzwa vane zvikwereti zvakati wandei pazvikwereti zvemubatanidzwa kana madhairekita esangano repamutemo iro, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, rinogona kubatwa nemhosva yezvikwereti zvekambani. Mhosva dzinoverengeka dzinowanzogadzwa sechibatiso muchibvumirano pakati pemapato.
Mutemo wechigunwe ndewekuti, kana chiitiko chinobva muchibvumirano chinofanirwa nevaviri kana vanopfuura vane chikwereti, ivo vanozvipira kune yakaenzana mugove. Naizvozvo ivo vanogona chete kusungirwa kuzadzisa chikamu chavo chechibvumirano. Zvisineyi, mutoro wakawanda unosiyana nemutemo uyu. Panyaya yezvikwereti zvakati wandei, pane kuita kunofanirwa kuitwa nevaviri kana vanopfuura vane chikwereti, asi apo mumwe nemumwe ane chikwereti anogona kubatwa ega kuti aite basa rese.
Mukweretesi ane kodzero yekuzadzikiswa kwechibvumirano chose kubva kune wese ane chikwereti. Naizvozvo, mukweretesi anogona kusarudza kuti ndeupi wevakwereti waanoda kugadzirisa uye anogona kuzokumbira mari yakazara kubva kune uyu ane chikwereti. Kana mumwe ane chikwereti achibhadhara mari yose, vakwereti havachina chikwereti kune mukweretesi.
1.1 Kodzero yekudzoka
Vane chikwereti vari mukati mekwereti yekubhadhara mumwe nemumwe, saka chikwereti chakabhadharwa nemumwe mukweretesi chinofanira kugadziriswa pakati pevose vanechikwereti. Iyi inonzi kodzero yekudzoka. Kodzero yekudzoka ikodzero yemunhu ane chikwereti kuti atorezve zvaakabhadhara kune mumwe anenge aine chikwereti. Kana mukweretesi aine chikwereti chakakura kubhadhara chikwereti uye obhadhara chikwereti chizere, anowana kodzero yekudzore chikwereti ichi kubva kune vaanobhadhara chikwereti.
Kana munhu ane chikwereti asingachadi kubhadhariswa mari yaakapinda pamwe chete nevamwe vanokweretesa mari, anogona kukumbira anenge akweretwa kuti anyore kwaari kubva pachikwereti chakati. Muenzaniso weiyi mamiriro ezvinhu apo mukweretesi apinda muchibvumirano chechikwereti chemubatanidzwa pamwe nemudiwa, asi anoda kusiya kambani. Muchiitiko ichi, kudzingwa kwakanyorwa kwezvemamwe zvikwereti kunofanirwa kugara kuchikwekwe nemukweretesi; Kuzvipira nemuromo kubva kune vako vaunopa chikwereti kuti ivo vachabhadhara zvikwereti hakuna kukwana. Kana iwe waunenge uine chikwereti iwe usingakwanisi kana kusazadzisa chibvumirano chomuromo, mukweretesi anogona kutora chikwereti chose kubva kwauri.
1.2. Kudikanwa kwemvumo
Muroora kana kunyoreswa mudiwa wemukwereti uyo ane mhosva yakawanda anodzivirirwa na mutemo. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 1:88 ndima 1 sub c Dutch Civil Code, murume kana mukadzi anoda mvumo kubva kune mumwe wake kuti apinde muzvibvumirano zvinomusunga seanosungirwa kukwereta, kunze kwezviitwa zvebhizinesi zvekambani. Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi zvinodiwa pakubvuma. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekudzivirira vakaroorana kubva kuzviito zvepamutemo zvinogona kukonzera njodzi huru yemari.
Kana mukweretesi akabata mukwereti ane chikwereti chese chese, izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve nemhedzisiro kune wawakaroorana naye ane chikwereti. Zvisinei, pane musiyano pane ichi chinodiwa chemvumo. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 1:88 ndima 5 Dutch Civil Code, mvumo haidiwe kana mutungamiriri wekambani yeruzhinji ine chikwereti chekambani kana kambani yakazvimiririra inokwana (Dutch NV neBV) vakapinda muchibvumirano, uku director uyu ari ega kana pamwe chete. nevaanoshanda navo, muridzi wezvizhinji zvezvikamu uye kana chibvumirano chakapedzwa pachinzvimbo chezvakajairika bhizinesi zviitiko zvekambani.
Mune izvi, pane zvinhu zviviri zvinodiwa kuti zvizadziswe: mutungamiriri ndiye maneja maneja uye ruzhinji mugovani kana kuti ane akawanda emasheya pamwe nevaanoshanda navo uye chibvumirano chakapedzwa pachinzvimbo chezvakajairika bhizinesi zviitiko zvekambani. Kana izvi zvinodikanwa zvikasasangana zvese, chinodiwa chemvumo chinoshanda.
2. Escrow
Kana bato richida kuchengetedzwa kuti chikumbiro chemari chibhadharwe, chibatiso ichi chinogonawo kupihwa ne escrow.[1] Escrow inobva pachinyorwa 7:850 Dutch Civil Code. Isu tinotaura nezve escrow kana wechitatu akazvipira kune waakakwereta chibvumirano icho mumwe bato (mukuru wechikwereti) anofanira kuzadzisa. Izvi zvinoitwa nekupedzisa chibvumirano che escrow. Bato rechitatu rinopa chengetedzo, rinonzi guarantor.
Muchengeti anotora chisungo kune mukweretesi wemukwereti mukuru. Saka muchengeti haagamuchiri chikwereti chechikwereti chake, asi kune chikwereti cheimwe bato uye pachake anopa kuchengetedzwa kwekubhadhara kwechikwereti ichi. Munhu ane guarantor anosungirwa midziyo yake yese. Escrow inogona kubvumirwa kuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zvagara zviripo, asiwo pakuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zveramangwana.
Zvichienderana nechinyorwa 7:851 ndima 2 Dutch Civil Code, izvi zvisungo zveramangwana zvinofanirwa kuve zvinogoneka zvakakwana panguva iyo escrow yapera. Kana mukuru wechikwereti asingakwanisi kuzadzisa zvisungo zvake zvinobva muchibvumirano, mukweretesi anogona kutaura neanovimbisa kuti azadzise zvisungo izvi. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 7:851 Dutch Civil Code, iyo escrow inotsamira kubva kune chisungo chemukwereti nechinangwa chekuti escrow yakapedzwa. Naizvozvo, escrow inoguma kuvapo kana mukwereti azadzisa zvisungo zvake zvinobva muchibvumirano chikuru.
Mukweretesi haagone kungotaura neanovimbisa kubhadhara chikwereti. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo inonzi iyo musimboti we subsidiarity inoita basa mu escrow. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukweretesi haakwanisi kukumbira pakarepo kune guarantor kuti abhadharwe. Chokutanga pane zvose, muchengeti angave asina mhosva yekubhadhara mutero mukuru asati akundikana mukuzadzika kwezvisungo zvake. Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 7:855 Dutch Civil Code. Izvi zvinoreva kuti muchengeti anogona kungobatwa nemhosva nemukweretesi mushure mekunge mukweretesi atanga kutaura nemukwereti mukuru.
Mukweretesi anofanira kunge akaita zvose zvinodiwa kuti aone kuti mukwereti, uyo ane guarantor akazvipa pachake, akakundikana kuzadzisa chisungo chake chekubhadhara. Chero zvazvingava, mukweretesi anofanira kutumira chiziviso chekutadza kune mukuru wechikwereti. Chete kana mukuru wechikwereti achiri kutadza kutevedzera chisungo chekubhadhara mushure mekugamuchira ichi chiziviso chekutadza, mukweretesi anogona kukumbira kune guarantor kuti awane mubhadharo. Zvisinei, muchengeti anewo mukana wekuzvidzivirira pachake pane zvaanoreva zvemukweretesi. Kuti izvi zviitike, ane zvidziviriro zvakafanana zvaainazvo izvo mukwereti mukuru ane, sekumiswa, kuregererwa kana kukwidza kusawirirana. Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 7:852 Dutch Civil Code.
2.1 Kodzero yekudzoka
A guarantor anobhadhara chikwereti chemukwereti, anogona kudzorera mari iyi kubva kune ane chikwereti. Kodzero yekutora zvakare inoshandawo kune escrow. Mu escrow, chimiro chakakosha chekodzero yekutora chinoshanda, chinoti subrogation. Mutemo mukuru ndewekuti chikumbiro chinomira kuvapo kana chikumbiro chabhadharwa. Zvisinei, subrogation inosiyana nemutemo uyu. Mukurongedzerwa, chikumbiro chinoendeswa kune mumwe muridzi. Muchiitiko ichi, imwe bato kunze kwemukwereti inobhadhara chikumbiro chemukweretesi.
Mu escrow, chikumbiro chinobhadharwa nemunhu wechitatu, iye guarantor. Nokubhadhara chikwereti, zvisinei, chirevo kune ane chikwereti hachina kurasikirwa, bhazi rinotamiswa kubva kune ane chikwereti kune guarantor uyo akabhadhara chikwereti. Mushure mekubhadhara chikwereti, muchengeti anogona saka kuenda kunotora mari kubva kune ane chikwereti waakapinda muchibvumirano che escrow. Kuzviisa pasi kunogoneka chete muzviitiko zvinodzorwa nemutemo. Kuzviisa pasi zvine chekuita ne escrow kunogoneka pahwaro hwechinyorwa 7:866 Dutch Civil Code jo. chinyorwa 6:10 Dutch Civil Code.
2.2 bhizinesi uye yakazvimiririra escrow
Pane mutsauko pakati pebhizinesi uye wega escrow. Business escrow is a escrow inopedzwa mukuita basa kana bhizinesi, escrow yakavanzika ndeye escrow inopedzwa kunze kwekuitwa kwehunyanzvi kana bhizinesi. Zvose zviri pamutemo uye munhu wechisikigo anogona kupedzisa chibvumirano che escrow.
Mienzaniso yeiyi ikambani inobata iyo inopedzisa chibvumirano che escrow nebhangi kuti iwane mari kune imwe kambani yaro uye vabereki vanopedzisa chibvumirano che escrow kuti vaone kuti kubhadharwa kwemari yemumba nemwana wavo yaitwa kubhanga. Escrow haifanirwe kupedzwa nguva dzose pachinzvimbo chebhangi, zvinogonekawo kupinda muzvibvumirano zve escrow nevamwe vanokwereta.
Nguva zhinji zviri pachena kuti bhizinesi kana escrow yakavanzika yakapedzwa. Kana kambani ikapinda muchibvumirano che escrow, bhizinesi escrow rinopedzwa. Kana munhu wechisikigo akapinda muchibvumirano che escrow, pane kazhinji kacho escrow yakavanzika inopera. Nekudaro, kusanzwisisika kunogona kuitika kana director wekambani yeruzhinji ine chikwereti chekambani kana kambani yakazvimiririra ine chikwereti ichipedzisa chibvumirano che escrow pachinzvimbo chesangano repamutemo.
Chisungo 7:857 Dutch Civil Code inosanganisira zvinorehwa neakavanzika escrow: kupedzisa kwe escrow nemunhu wechisikigo asina kuita basa rekuita basa rake, kana kune yakajairika tsika yekambani yeruzhinji ine mitoro yeruzhinji kana yakavanzika mitoro yakaganhurirwa. kambani. Zvakare, muvimbisi anofanirwa kunge ari director wekambani uye, ari ega kana nevaanoshanda navo, ndivo vane masheya mazhinji. Pane maitiro maviri akakosha:
- anovimbisa ndiye maneja wekutonga uye mazhinji anogovera kana ane ruzhinji rwezvikamu pamwe chete nevatevedzeri vake;
- iyo escrow inopedzwa nekuda kweyakajairika bhizinesi zviitiko zvekambani.
Mukuita, kazhinji pane maneja maneja / ruzhinji mugovani anopinda muchibvumirano che escrow. Iye maneja director / ruzhinji mugovani anogadzika mutemo wekambani uye anozove nechido chega mu escrow yekambani yake, nekuti zvinogona kuitika kuti bhangi harisi kuda kupa mari pasina kupedzisa chibvumirano che escrow. Uye zvakare, chibvumirano che escrow, chakapedzwa nemaneja director / ruzhinji shareholder, chinofanira kunge chakapedzwa nechinangwa chezviitwa zvebhizinesi.
Nekudaro, izvi zvakasiyana kune yega yega mamiriro uye mutemo hautsanangure izwi rekuti 'zvakajairika bhizinesi zviitiko'. Kuti uone kana escrow inopedzwa nechinangwa chezviitwa zvebhizinesi zvakajairika, mamiriro enyaya anofanirwa kuongororwa. Kana zvese zvimiro zvasangana, bhizinesi escrow rinopedzwa. Kana mutungamiriri anopedzisa escrow asiri iye maneja director / ruzhinji shareholder kana escrow haina kupedzwa nechinangwa chezvakajairika bhizinesi zviitiko, escrow yakavanzika inopedzwa.
Mitemo yekuwedzera inoshanda kune yakavanzika escrow. Mutemo unopa dziviriro kune wewanano kana akanyoreswa mudiwa weakavanzika. Izvo zvinodikanwa zvemvumo izvo zvinoshandawo kune yakavanzika escrow. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 1:88 ndima 1 sub c Dutch Civil code, murume kana mukadzi anoda mvumo yemumwe wake kuti apinde muchibvumirano chine chinangwa chekumusunga semutsigiri.
Mvumo yemudzimai wemuchengeti saka inodiwa kuti upinde muchibvumirano chega chega chega. Nekudaro, chinyorwa 1:88 ndima 5 Dutch Civil Code inosanganisira kuti chibvumirano ichi hachidiwe kana escrow ichipedzwa nebhizinesi guarantor. Dziviriro yemudzimai wemuchengeti saka inongoshanda kune zvibvumirano zvega escrow.
3. Guarantee
Chivimbiso ndeimwe mukana wekuwana chengetedzo kuti chikumbiro chibhadharwe. Chivimbiso ikodzero yekuchengetedza wega, apo wechitatu anotora chisungo chakazvimirira chekuzadzisa kuzvipira pakati pemukweretesi nemukweretesi. Saka vimbiso inosanganisira kuti wechitatu anovimbisa kuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zvemunhu ane chikwereti. Muvimbisi anozvipira kubhadhara chikwereti kana mukweretesi asingakwanise kana asingazobhadhare. [2] Iyo vimbiso haina kutongwa nemutemo, asi garandi inopedzwa muchibvumirano pakati pemapato.
3.1. Accessory garandi
Musiyano unogona kuitwa pakati pemhando mbiri dzevimbiso kuitira kuti uwane chengetedzo; the accessory garanti uye abstract garandi. Chivimbiso chekuwedzera chinoenderana nehukama pakati pemukweretesi nemukwereti. Pakutanga kuona, vimbiso yekuwedzera yakafanana chaizvo neye escrow. Zvisinei, mutsauko ndewekuti muchengeti maererano nevimbiso yekuwedzera haazvipi kuita basa rakafanana nemukwereti mukuru, asi kune chisungo chemunhu ane mamiriro akasiyana.
Muenzaniso wakapfava weizvi ndewokuti mutsigiri anozvipira kuendesa madomasi kumukweretesi, kana ane chikwereti akasazadzisa chisungo chake chekuendesa mbatatisi. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinyorwa zvechisungo chemutsigiri zvakasiyana nezviri musungo wemukwereti. Zvisinei, izvi hazvibvisi chokwadi chekuti pane hukama hukuru pakati pezvisungo zviviri izvi.
The accessory guarantee inowedzera kune hukama pakati pemukweretesi nemukwereti. Uyezve, vimbiso yekuwedzera inowanzova nebasa rekuchengetedza mambure; chete kana mukuru wechikwereti asingazadzisi zvisungo zvake, muchengeti anoshevedzwa kuti aite kuzvipira kwake.
Kunyangwe iyo vimbiso isingataurwe zvakajeka mumutemo, chinyorwa 7: 863 Dutch Civil Code inoreva zvizere nezvevimbiso yekuwanikwa. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa ichi, zviga zvine chekuita neyakavanzika escrow zvinoshandawo kune zvibvumirano apo munhu anozviitira kune rimwe basa muchiitiko icho chechitatu chinotadza kutevedzera chimwe chisungo chine chakasiyana chakanangana nechikwereti. Izvo zvinodiwa zvine chekuita nezvezvakavanzika escrow saka zvinoshandawo kune yekuwedzera iyo inopedzwa nemunhu akazvimirira.
3.2 Abstract vimbiso
Pamusoro peiyo yekuwanikwa garandi, isu zvakare tinoziva kuchengetedzeka kwemari kweyekufungidzirwa garandi. Kusiyana nevimbiso yekuwanikwa, iyo yekufungidzirwa yekuzvipira iko kuzvimiririra kwakazvimiririra kwe guarantor kune iye waakweretesa. Iyi vimbiso haina kusarura kubva kune pasi pehukama hwehukama pakati pewakakweretesa uye ane chikwereti. Muchiitiko chechivimbiso chemubvumirano, mushambadzi anozvipira kune chisungo chakazvimiririra chekuita basa rechikwereti, pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Kuita uku hakuna kusungirwa pachibvumirano chepasirese pakati pezvikwereti nemukweretesi. Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa weanobvunzwa rubatso rubatso.
Kana vimbiso isinganzwisisike ichipedzwa, muchengeti haakwanisi kukumbira dziviriro kubva pahukama huri pasi. Kana mamiriro echivimbiso asangana, muchengeti haakwanisi kudzivirira kubhadhara. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti vimbiso inobva muchibvumirano chakasiyana pakati pemukweretesi neanovimbisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukweretesi anogona pakarepo kutaura kune guarantor, pasina kutumira chiziviso chekutadza kune ane chikwereti. Nokugumisa vimbiso, mukweretesi naizvozvo anowana mwero wakakwirira wokuva nechokwadi chokuti chikwereti chabhadharwa kwaari. Pamusoro pezvo, muchengeti haana kodzero yekuzvitora.
Nekudaro, mapato anogona kusanganisira matanho ekudzivirira muchibvumirano chekuvimbisa. Migumisiro yepamutemo yeabstract guarantee haibvi pamitemo yemitemo, asi inogona kuzadzwa nemapato pachavo. Kunyange zvazvo muvimbisi asina kodzero yokuita chimwe chinhu pasi pemutemo, anogona kuzvipa nzira dzokuwana nadzo pachake. Semuenzaniso, vimbiso yekupikisa inogona kupedzwa nemukwereti kana chibvumirano chemuripo chinogona kuitwa.
3.3 Parent kambani garandi
Mumutemo wekambani, vimbiso yekambani yevabereki inowanzopedzwa. Chivimbiso chekambani yevabereki chinosanganisira kuti kambani yemubereki inozvipira kutevedzera zvisungo zvekambani yeboka rimwe chete kana kambani pachayo ikasaita kana kusaita zvisungo izvi. Ehe, vimbiso iyi inogona chete kubvumirana nemakambani ari chikamu cheboka kana kambani inobata. Muchidimbu, vimbiso yeboka ndeye abstract garandi.
Zvisinei, kazhinji hapana pfungwa yokuti 'muripo wekutanga, wozotaura', uyo ane guarantor anobva angobhadhara chikwereti pasina kutarisa kuti pane chinodiwa here kune ane chikwereti. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechokuti uyo ane chikwereti ndiye mubatsiri we guarantor; muchengeti achada kutarisa kutanga kana paine chokwadi chinodiwa. Zvakadaro, kuvaka 'mubhadharo wekutanga, wozotaura' unogona kuvakwa muchibvumirano chevimbiso.
Mushure mezvose, mapato anogona kugadzira vimbiso maererano nezvavanoda. Mapato anofanirawo kuona kuti vimbiso inongobatanidza chete vimbiso yekubhadhara here kana kuti vimbiso inofanirawo kuvhara zvimwe zvisungo, uye naizvozvo ivimbiso yekushanda. Chiyero, nguva uye mamiriro evimbiso anotemerwawo nemapato pachawo. Chivimbiso chekambani yevabereki chinogona kupa mhinduro kana kambani ikabhuroka, asi chete kana kambani yemubereki ikasadonha pamwe chete neanotsigira.
4. 403-chirevo
Mukati meboka remakambani, inonzi inonzi 403-statement inowanzobudiswawo. Ichi chirevo chinobva muchinyorwa 2:403 Dutch Civil Code. Nekupa 403-statement, vatsigiri veboka havabvumidzwe kunyora uye kuburitsa akaparadzana maakaundi egore. Pane kudaro, yakasanganiswa gore negore account inonyorwa. Iyi ndiyo nhoroondo yegore negore yekambani yevabereki, umo migumisiro yese yezvibvumirano inosanganisirwa.
Mamiriro eakaundi yakabatanidzwa yegore ndeyekuti ese masubsidiary, kunyangwe achiwanzo shanda akazvimirira, anozopedzisira awira pasi pehutungamiri nekutariswa kwekambani yevabereki. A 403-chirevo chiitiko chemutemo unilateral, kubva kune yakazvimirira kuzvipira kwekambani yemubereki inomuka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti 403-chirevo kuzvipira kusiri kwekuwedzera.
Chirevo che403 hachingopiwi nemapoka makuru epasi rose; mapoka madiki, semuenzaniso ane makambani maviri akazvimirira ane mitoro, anogona zvakare kushandisa 403-chirevo. Chirevo che403 chinofanira kunyoreswa mukati meTrade Register yeChamber of Commerce. Ichi chirevo chinoratidza kuti ndezvipi zvikwereti zveiyo subsidiary zvakavharwa nekambani yevabereki uye kubva pazuva ripi.
Rimwe divi reiyo 403-chirevo nderekuti kambani yevabereki ine chirevo ichi inozivisa kuti ine mutoro wezvisungo zvevabatsiri vayo. Iyo kambani yevabereki saka inosungirwa kukwereta zvikwereti zvinobva muzviito zvemutemo zvevabatsiri. Mhosva iyi yakati wandei inosanganisira kuti mukweretesi wemubairo wakapihwa 403-statement anogona kusarudza kuti nderipi sangano repamutemo raanoda kugadzirisa kuti azadzise zvaanoda: mubatsiri waakapedza nawo chibvumirano chekutanga kana kambani yevabereki yakapa chibvumirano. 403-chirevo. Nemhosva iyi yakati wandei, mukweretesi anotsiviwa nekushaikwa kwenzwisiso yemamiriro emari emubatsiri ari mumwe wake.
Nepo kuchengetedzwa kwemari kwambotaurwa kuchingosanganisira mutoro kune mumwe waanopedzwa nawo kondirakiti, chirevo che403 chinopa mhosva kune vese vanokweretesa vevanotsigira. Panogona kunge paine vakweretesi vakawanda vanogona kugadzirisa kambani yevabereki kuti vazadzise zvavanoda. Mutoro ungangoita unobva ku403-chirevo saka wakakura. Chisina kunaka cheizvi ndechekuti 403-statement inogona kukanganisa boka rose kana imwe subsidiary yatarisana nematambudziko emari. Kana imwe kambani ikabhuroka, boka rose rinogona kuparara.
4.1 Rection of 403-chirevo
Zvinogoneka kuti kambani yevabereki haichada kuve nemhosva yezvikwereti kana masubsidiaries ayo. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakadaro kana kambani yevabereki inoda kutengesa iyo subsidiary. Kuti ubvise chirevo che403, maitiro anobva muchinyorwa 2:404 Dutch Civil Code inoda kuteverwa. Iyi nzira ine zvinhu zviviri. Chekutanga pane zvese, iyo 403-chirevo chinofanirwa kubviswa. Chirevo chekubviswa chinofanirwa kuiswa kuTrade Register yeChamber of Commerce. Chiziviso chekukanzurwa uku chinosanganisira kuti kambani inova vabereki haichasungirwa kubhadhara zvikwereti zvekambani inomuka mushure mekunge chiziviso chekubvisa chaburitswa.
Nekudaro, maererano nechinyorwa 2:404 ndima 2 Dutch Civil Code, kambani yevabereki icharamba ichisungirwa zvikwereti zvinobva muzviito zvemutemo zvakapedzwa isati yabviswa 403-chirevo. Chikwereti saka chinoramba chiripo kune zvikwereti zvakabva pazvibvumirano zvakapedzwa mushure mekupa iyo 403-chirevo, asi isati yaburitsa chiziviso chekubviswa. Izvi ndezvekuchengetedza mukweretesi, angave akapinda muchibvumirano aine chokwadi cheiyo 403-chirevo mupfungwa.
Nekudaro, izvo zvinokwanisika kupedza chikwereti maererano neizvi zvekare zvemitemo zviito. Kuti uite izvi, iyo yekuwedzera maitiro, inotorwa kubva kuchinyorwa 2: 404 ndima 3 Dutch Civil Code, inofanirwa kuteedzerwa. Mamiriro akati wandei anoshanda mune iyi maitiro:
- mutsigiri anogona kunge asisiri chikamu cheboka;
- ziviso yechinangwa chekupedza iyo 403-chirevo chinofanirwa kuve chakawanikwa kuti chiongororwe kuChamber of Commerce kweanenge mwedzi miviri;
- anopfuura mwedzi miviri anofanira kunge apfuura kubva pakaziviswa mupepanhau renyika kuti ziviso yekumiswa iripo kuti iongororwe.
Uye zvakare, vakweretesi vachiri nemukana wekupikisa chinangwa chekupedza iwo 403-chirevo. Iyo 403-chirevo chinogona kungomiswa kana pasina kana kupikisa munguva kwayo kwakaiswa kana kupikiswa kwakaitwa kusingatariswe nemutongi. Izvo chete kana mamiriro ezvinhu ekudzoswa uye kubviswa kwezana-makumi mana nematatu akasangana, kambani yemubereki haisisina mhosva yekuzvikweretesa kwese kwese. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uku kubvisa uye kugumisa kuurayiwa nekuchenjera; kana kudzoserwa kana kubviswa kusati kwaitwa zvakanaka, kambani yevabereki inogona kutopihwa mhosva yezvikwereti zverubatsiro izvo zvakatengeswa makore apfuura.
5. Mari yemubhadharo uye rubatso
Kuchengetedzeka kwemari kunogona zvakare kuwanikwa nekutanga imba kana rubatso. Nepo aya mafomu ezvekuchengetedzeka emari akafanana neakasiyana, pane misiyano yakati wandei.
5.1. Imhondi
Chikwereti chibatiso chemari chinogona kutaurwa nemapato. Mortgage inosanganisira kuti mumwe munhu anopa chikwereti kune rimwe bato. Mushure mezvo, chikwereti chemba chinozoiswa kuitira kuti uwane kuchengetedzwa kwemari maererano nekubhadharwa kwechikwereti ichi. Mortgage ikodzero yepfuma inogona kusimbiswa maererano nemidziyo yemukwereti. Kana ane chikwereti asingakwanisi kubhadhara chikwereti chake, mukweretesi anogona kutora nzvimbo yacho kuitira kuti azadzise zvaanoda. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikurusa wechikwereti ndechemuridzi wemba uyo akabvumirana nebhangi kuti bhangi richamupa chikwereti uye ipapo anoshandisa imba yake sechibatiso nokuda kwokudzorerwa kwechikwereti.
Nekudaro, izvi hazvireve kuti mortgage inogona kungotangwa kuburikidza nebhangi. Mamwe makambani nevanhuwo zvavo vanogonawo kupedzisa chikwereti chemba. Izwi rekuti mari yembavha inogona kunge ichivhiringa. Mukutaura kwakajairika, bato, semuenzaniso bhangi, inopa chikwereti kune rimwe bato. Nekudaro, kubva pakuona kwemutemo, mukwereti ndiye muridzi wemba, nepo bato rinopa chikwereti ndiye muridzi wemondgage. Saka bhanga ndiro rine mari yemortgage uye munhu anoda kutenga imba ndiye muridzi wemortgage.
Hunhu hwemortgage ndehwekuti remba haigone kupedzwa pamidziyo yese; maererano nechinyorwa 3:227 Dutch Civil Code, imba yemba inogona kungomiswa pane yakanyoreswa pfuma. Kana nzvimbo yakanyoreswa ichitengeswa, kutapurirana uku kunoda kunyoreswa mumarejista eruzhinji. Chete mushure mekunyora uku, nzvimbo yakanyoreswa inowanikwa nemutengi. Mienzaniso yezvivakwa zvakanyoreswa ivhu, dzimba, zvikepe nendege. Motokari haina kunyoreswa pfuma. Pamusoro pazvo, chikwereti chemba chinokwanisa kugadzikwa kuitira kuti 'chichemo chitariswe zvakakwana'.
Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 3:231 Dutch Civil Code. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinofanirwa kuve pachena maererano neinoti iyo mortgage inotangwa. Kana mukweretesi aine zvirevo zviviri kune ane chikwereti, zvinofanirwa kuve zvakajeka maererano neipi yezviviri izvi zvinoti kodzero yemortgage yakapihwa. Uyezve, muridzi wenzvimbo iyo iyo imba yemba inotangwa anoramba ari muridzi; muridzi wacho haapfuuri mushure mekugadzwa kwekodzero yekukwereta. Mortgage inogara ichisimbiswa nekupa notary deed.
Kana uyo ane chikwereti akasazadzisa zvisungo zvake zvekubhadhara, mukweretesi anogona kushandisa kodzero yake yekubhadhara chikwereti kuburikidza nekutengesa chivako panzvimbo iyo chikwereti chakatangwa. Hapana murayiro wedare unodiwa pane izvi. Izvi zvinodaidzwa kuuraya nekukurumidza uye zvinobva muchinyorwa 3:268 Dutch Civil Code. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mukweretesi anogona kungotengesa pfuma kuitira kuti azadzise zvaanoda; anogona kusatora pfuma. Kurambidzwa uku kunotaurwa zvakajeka muchinyorwa 3:235 Dutch Civil Code.
Chinhu chakakosha chemondgage ndechekuti muridzi wemondgage anokoshesa pane vamwe vakweretesi vanoshuvira kutora nzvimbo kuti vazadzikise zvavanoda. Izvi zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 3:227 Dutch Civil Code. Panguva yekubhuroka, muridzi wemortgage haafanire kufunga nezvevamwe vakweretesi, asi anogona kungoshandisa kodzero yake yekubhadhara imba. Ndiye mukweretesi wekutanga anogona kuzadzisa kuda kwake nemhindu kubva mukutengeswa kwenzvimbo yakanyoreswa.
5.2. Chivimbiso
Kodzero yechibatiso inofananidzwa nerendi ndiyo rubatso. Kupesana nerendi, chitsidzo hachigone kugadzwa pamudziyo usingazununguki. Zvisineyi, chitsidzo chinogona kugadzikwa pachinhu chero chipi zvacho, senge midziyo inofambiswa, kodzero kumutakuri kana kurongeka uye kunyangwe pakubata kwechinhu chakadaro kana kodzero. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chitsidzo chinogona kusimbiswa pamotokari mbiri uye pamari yekugamuchira kubva kune vane chikwereti. Mukweretesi anogadza chitsidzo kuitira kuti awane chibatiso chokuti chikumbiro chichabhadharwa.
Chibvumirano chichapedzwa pakati pemukweretesi (iye ane chitsidzo) uye mukwereti (mupi wemhiko). Kana uyo ane chikwereti asingateereri zvisungo zvake zvekubhadhara, mukweretesi ane kodzero yekutengesa pfuma uye kuzadzisa zvaanoda nemari yacho. Kana uyo ane chikwereti akakundikana kutevedzera zvikwereti zvake zvekubhadhara, mukweretesi anogona kutengesa pfuma pakarepo. Zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 3:248 Dutch Civil Code, hapana dare redzimhosva rinodiwa pane izvi, zvinoreva kuti kukurumidza kuurayiwa kunoshanda.
Zvakafanana nehomwe, mukweretesi haabvumirwi kugovera pfuma panzvimbo iyo kodzero yekupikira inopiwa; anogona chete kutengesa pfuma uye kuzadzisa zvaanoda nepurofiti. Izvi zvinobva muchinyorwa 3:235 Dutch Civil Code. Mumutemo, mukweretesi ane kodzero yekuvimbisa anotungamira pane vamwe vakweretesi muchiitiko chekubhuroka kana kumiswa kwekubhadhara. Zvisineyi, zvine basa kuti chitsidzo chepfuma kana kuti chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa chakapedzwa.
5.2.1 Chivimbiso chakasarudzika uye chisungo chisina kusimbiswa
Chipo cheuchipo chinogumiswa kana imba yacho 'ikauya iri pasi pesimba remubambi kana wechitatu. Izvi zvinobva pane chinyorwa 3: 236 Dutch Civil Code. Izvi zvinoreva kuti icho chakapikirwa chinotumirwa kuna iye mukweretesi; mukweretesi zvechokwadi ane icho chivakwa chiri chake munguva iyo iyo rubatso inoramba ichipfuurira. Chipo cheuchipo chinosimbiswa nekuunza izvo zvakanaka pasi pesimba remukweretesi. Mukweretesi anofanira kutarisira imba uye anogona kuitisa kuchengetedza. Mari idzi dzekugadzirisa dzinofanirwa kudzoserwa nemukweretesi.
Kunze kwechitsidzo chekuva nacho, tinewo chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa, chinodaidzwa kuti chitsidzo chisiri chemuridzi zvakare. Izvi zvinoenderana nechinyorwa 3:237 Dutch Civil Code. Kana chitsidzo chisina kuziviswa chikasimbiswa, pfuma yacho haiunzwe pasi pemukweretesi, asi gwaro rinotaura kuti chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa chinotangwa chinoitwa.
Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chibvumirano chekunyora pamwe chete negwaro repachivande. Nekudaro, gwaro repachivande rinoda kunyoreswa kune notary kana kune chiremera chemutero. Zvipikirwa zvisina kutaurwa zvinowanzo shandiswa nemakambani anoda kumisa chitsidzo pamushini. Kana muchina wacho waizounzwa mumaoko emukweretesi, kambani yaizotadza kuita mabasa ayo ebhizinesi.
Chitsidzo chemuridzi chinoburitsa kodzero yakasimba yechengetedzo pane chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa. Kana chitsidzo chenhaka chikaitwa, mukweretesi atova nemudziyo wake. Izvi handizvo kana chitsidzo chisina kuziviswa chikasimbiswa. Kana zvakadaro, mukweretesi anofanira kuita kuti mukwereti ape pfuma yacho. Mukwereti anoramba here izvi, zvingatove zvakakosha kumanikidza kutapurirana kwezvakanaka kuburikidza nedare. Musiyano uripo pakati pechitsidzo chemuridzi uye chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa chinewo basa mukubhuroka uye kumiswa kwekubhadhara.
Sezvatove zvataurwa, mukweretesi ane kodzero yekukurumidza kuurayiwa; anogona kutengesa nzvimbo yacho nekukurumidza kuitira kuti azadzise zvaanoda. Zvakare, vane pledge vanokoshesa pane vamwe vakweretesi mukati mekubhuroka. Zvakadaro, pane musiyano pakati pemhiko yemuridzi nemhiko isina kuziviswa. Vane chitsidzo chekuva nacho vanezve pamberi pevateresi kana mukwereti abhuroka.
Vane chitsidzo chisina kutaurwa havana kukosha pamusoro pezviremera zvemitero; kodzero yezviremera zvemitero inokunda kodzero yemubati wechipikirwa chisina kutaurwa panguva yekubhuroka kwemukwereti. Chitsidzo chekuva nacho saka chinopa kuchengetedzwa kwakawanda panguva yekubhuroka pane chitsidzo chisina kuziviswa.
6. Mhedziso
Zviri pamusoro apa zvinosanganisira kuti kune nzira dzakati wandei dzekuwana kuchengetedzwa kwemari: zvikwereti zvakati wandei, escrow, (kambani yemubereki) garandi, 403-statement, mortgage uye pledge. Muchidimbu, zvivimbiso izvi zvinogara zvichitaurwa muchibvumirano. Zvimwe zvibatiso zvemari zvinogona kugadzirwa nenzira isina fomu, zvichienderana nezvido zvemapato pachawo, nepo mamwe kuchengetedzwa kwemari kuri pasi pe. zviri pamutemo provisions. Somugumisiro, zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuchengetedzwa kwemari zvose zvine zvakanakira nezvazvakaipira.
Izvi zvinoshanda kune vese bato rinoda kuchengetedzwa uye bato rinopa chengetedzo. Zvimwe zvibatiso zvemari zvinopa dziviriro yakawandisa kune mukweretesi kupfuura zvimwe, asi zvinogona kuuya nezvimwe zvisingabatsiri. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, nzira yakakodzera yekuchengetedzwa kwemari inogona kupedzwa pakati pemapato.
[1] Escrow inowanzonzi garandi. Nekudaro, pasi pemutemo wechiDutch, kune maviri mafomu ekuchengetedzeka kwemari anoshandura kuvimbisa muChirungu. Kuchengeta chinyorwa ichi chinzwisisike, izwi rekuti escrow richashandiswa kune iyi kuchengetedzeka kwemari.
[2] Izwi rekuti 'guarantor' rinotaurwa zvese muchikwiriso nemuvimbiso. Zvisinei, zvinorehwa neshoko iri zvinoenderana nekodzero yekuchengetedza inobatanidzwa.