Kudzivirirwa kwemidziyo pasi pemutemo weDutch zvinoreva kuronga muridzi, pfuma yewanano neinishuwarenzi zviri pamutemo uye panguva yakakodzera, kuitira kuti mukweretesi wemangwana asasvike pane zvinobvumirwa nemutemo. Haisi nzira yekuisa midziyo kure nekusvikika kwemukweretesi ane chikwereti. Chinyorwa 3:276 cheBurgerlijk Wetboek (Civil Code) chinoita kuti mukweretesi ave nemhosva yezvikwereti zvake nezvinhu zvake zvese, uye actio pauliana inobvumira mukweretesi, kana mutariri ari mubhuroka, kuti chibvumirano chakaitwa nekuzvidira chibviswe uye icho chakakanganisa vakweretesi. Zvese zvinotevera zvinoshanda mukati memitemo miviri iyoyo.
Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa kuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo kubva pachinzvimbo chemunhu wega: mushandi, nyanzvi, muridzi wemba, mumwe munhu ari muwanano, mumwe munhu anotarisira nhaka. Varidzi vemabhizinesi vanosangana nemibvunzo yakasiyana, nekuti kuratidzwa kwavo kunoenderana nemutemo wekambani uye mutoro wemutungamiriri; tinobata nemibvunzo iyoyo zvakasiyana muchinyorwa chedu chekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo yevaridzi vemabhizinesi . Hapana apa zano remitero. Kana chimiro chiine mhedzisiro yemitero, uye vazhinji vavo vachiita, vanofanirwa kutariswa nemupi wezano wemitero vasati vasaina chero chinhu.
Pokutangira: une mutoro nezvese zvaunazvo
Mutemo weDutch unotanga nemhosva yemunhu. Munhu ane chikwereti ane kodzero yekuva nechikwereti anogona kubatanidza nekutengesa chero chinhu chemunhu ane chikwereti: mari iri mubhangi, mota, masheya, imba yezororo, muhoro uri mumaoko emushandirwi. Vakweretesi vanoenzana zvakaenzana, saka mari inowanikwa kubva pakubhadharwa kwechikwereti inokamurwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwezvikumbiro, asi kuenzana ikoko kunoonekwa zvakanyanya mukuita. Munhu ane chikwereti neanovimbisa vanochengetedzwa uye vanobhadharwa kutanga kubva muchibatiso chavo, uye vane masimba emitero vane kodzero dzepamutemo uye kodzero yekudzoserwa kwezvinhu zvinofambiswa zvinowanikwa panzvimbo yemukweretesi, izvo zvinogara zvichikanganisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero yechikwereti kana chibvumirano chekurenda.
Mugumisiro unoshanda ndewekuti dziviriro inofanira kuvakwa munzira iyo pfuma inobatwa nayo, isati yavapo. Kana mukweretesi avapo, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa zviri pamutemo inenge yava pedyo nekushaya uye kuedza pachakwo kunounza matambudziko matsva. Ndiyo pfungwa imwe chete yakakosha mundima iyi, uye ndicho chikonzero nei nhanho imwe neimwe yakakomba iri pazasi ichitarisirwa nenguva pane kungwara.
Izvo zvisingatenderwi kutora nevanokweretesa
Mutemo weDutch unodzivirira imba pane mararamiro, asi imba ndeyechokwadi uye kazhinji haifanirwe kukumbirwa. Kana mihoro, mabhenefiti kana penjeni zvakabatanidzwa, muchengeti wemari anofanira kuremekedza beslagvrije voet, chikamu chemari chinofanira kuramba chiripo chemari yekurarama. Kubva pakatanga kugadziriswa musi wa1 Ndira 2021 muchengeti wemari anoiverenga otomatiki kubva padata rakachengetwa nevatungamiriri vemitero nemasangano ekubatsira, izvo zvakabvisa mamiriro ekare ekuti mukwereti akatadza kupa ruzivo akaguma aine zvishoma zvakanyanya. Mari yacho inoenderana nekugadzirwa kwemhuri, mari inowanikwa uye mari yedzimba uye inoverengerwazve nguva nenguva. Kana vakweretesi vakati wandei vakabatana panguva imwe chete, muchengeti wemari anoronga anogadzwa kuitira kuti imba ishandiswe kamwe chete.
Mutemo weMitemo yeVanhu unobvisawo runyorwa rwezvinhu kubva pakubatanidzwa: magumbeze nezvipfeko, chikafu nechinwiwa kwemwedzi, zvishandiso zvinodiwa nemunhu kuti aite basa rake, nezvinhu zvinodiwa pakuchengeta mwana, pakati pezvimwe. Zvikwereti zvepension zvinodzivirirwa nenzira yakasiyana: pasi pemutemo wepension, kodzero yepension yakawedzerwa haigone kupihwa, kuvimbiswa kana kudzoserwa, zvinoreva kuti haigone kusungirirwa isati yasvika; kana penjeni yabhadharwa, muripo wacho unobva wabhadharwa uye beslagvrije voet inoshanda. Inishuwarenzi yehupenyu ine dziviriro shoma mukubhuroka, uko mutariri wepfuma angasaregedze mari yeinishuwarenzi kana kuita izvozvo kuchizokanganisa zvisina musoro munhu ane inishuwarenzi kana mugamuchiri. Hapana chinhu cheDutch chakafanana nekusunungurwa kweimba yeAmerica: imba yemhuri inowanikwa zvizere kune vanokweretesa, uye muridzi wemba anogona kuitengesa ari ega kana pakutengesa pasina kutonga kwedare kana mukwereti akatadza kubhadhara.
Imba yewanano: chinhu chakasimba kupfuura zvese chine munhu wega
Kune vanhu vazhinji mubvunzo mukuru hausi wekuti vanofanira kushandisa chimiro chipi asi kuti hukama hwavo hunorongwa sei. Kubva musi wa1 Ndira 2018 muchato kana hukama hwakanyoreswa hwakaitwa pasina zvibvumirano zvemuchato hunogadzira nharaunda yakaganhurirwa yepfuma: izvo mumwe nemumwe aive nazvo vasati vava nehukama, uye izvo zvinogamuchirwa nechipo kana nhaka, zvinoramba zviri zvakavanzika, nepo zvinovakwa panguva yehukama zvichiwira munharaunda. Izvozvo zvatova zvinodzivirira zvikuru kupfuura nharaunda yekare yepasi rose, asi imhosva, kwete hurongwa. Huwelijkse voorwaarden (zvibvumirano zvepamberi pemuchato), izvo zvinoda gwaro rekusimbisa uye zvinogonawo kuitwa panguva yemuchato, zvinobvumira vakaroorana kubvisa nharaunda zvachose uye kunyora kuti ndiani ane chii, izvo zvakakodzera kuita apo mumwe wevakaroorana anomhanya bhizinesi kana kuita basa rinowanzova nemhosva. Ongororo yedu yemutemo wemuchato weDutch inoratidza sarudzo.
Kupatsanurwa kwepfuma hakusi rusvingo, uye apa ndipo panowanzo tadza kutarisira. Munhu anokweretesa mumwe anogona kudzosa pfuma yake kubva kumurume/mukadzi wake, uye kana chikwereti chacho chakawira munharaunda, kubva kupfuma yemunharaunda zvakare; uye munhu anokweretesa mumwe wake anotora pfuma yemunharaunda anogona, mumamiriro ezvinhu akatsanangurwa, kusvika kune mumwe wake. Kuparadzana hakudziviririwo nyaya yakaitwa nevaviri pamwe chete, inova ndiyo mari yechikwereti chemhuri kana chikwereti chakasainwa pamwe chete. Chinonyanya kukosha segwaro rekuchengetedza mabhuku panguva yehukama: chikamu chekugadzirisa chisingamboshandiswi chinogara chichiiswa parutivi pakurambana, zvichiguma nekuti mapato acho anobatwa sekunge zvese zvagovaniswa.
Mimwe mitemo miviri inofanirwa kuzivikanwa zviri nani. Pasi pechinyorwa 1:88 cheMutemo weVanhu, mukwanyina kana mudiwa akanyoreswa anoda mvumo yakanyorwa yemumwe asati apa vimbiso yemunhu, kutora rubatso kunze kwemaitiro ebhizinesi, kana kupa mortgage paimba yemhuri; pasina mvumo iyoyo mumwe mukwanyina anogona kudzima chibvumirano chacho. Uye chipo kana nhaka inogona kupihwa uitsluitingsclausule (chikamu chekusabvisa), icho chinochengetedza pfuma yacho kunze kwenzvimbo ipi zvayo, kusanganisira nharaunda yaizobva muwanano yapashure. Apo hukama hutsva hunosangana nezvikwereti zvekare, kudyidzana kwemitemo iyi kunoshandiswa munyaya yedu pamusoro perudo rutsva nezvikwereti zvekare.
Muganho: the actio pauliana
Hurongwa hwese hwekuchengetedza pfuma hunosangana nemuganhu mumwe chete. Kunze kwekubhuroka, mukweretesi anogona kuita kuti mutemo wepamutemo ubviswe kana mukweretesi akaita izvozvo asina kumanikidzwa kuita izvozvo, apo zvaikanganisa mukweretesi pakukwanisa kwake kudzoreredza mari, uye apo mukweretesi aiziva kana kuti aifanira kuziva kuti rusaruro rwaizotevera; kune zviito zvekufunga nezvazvo mumwe munhu anofanira kunge akazvizivawo. Mukubhuroka, mutariri ane simba rakaenzana, uye mhedzisiro yekubhuroka kwakabudirira ndeyekuti pfuma inodzokera kupfuma. Gwaro redu remashoko pa actio pauliana rinotsanangura zvinhu.
Nguva yegore rimwe chete inotenderera mumabhuku epamhepo inowanzo nzwisiswa zvisina kunaka. Harisi zuva rekupedzisira iro mushure mezvo kuchinjisa kunova kwakachengeteka. Ndiro hwindo umo mutemo unofunga ruzivo runodiwa rwerusarura: kune kutengeserana kwakapedzwa mukati megore rimwe chete kusati kwadzimwa kana kubhuroka, uye kune kutengeserana nemukadzi/murume, hama kana kambani iri muboka rimwe chete, ruzivo rwemativi ese rwunofungidzirwa uye mutoro weuchapupu unodzoserwa shure. Kunze kwehwindo iroro mukweretesi anogona kubudirira; zvinongofanira kuratidza zvaizofungidzirwa. Zvipo zvinobatwa zvakanyanya kupfuura kutengeserana sekukosha, uye kuchinjisa pamutengo wakaderera kunobatwa sechipo.
Chii chinoitika kana ukanyanya kunyanyisa
Migumisiro yekufambisa midziyo pamberi pemukweretesi haigumiri pakuburitswa kwemari chete. Mukusabhadhara kwemunhu, mutariri ane masimba makuru ekuferefeta, uye mukweretesi ane basa repamutemo rekupa ruzivo rwese rwunokumbirwa; kukundikana kuita izvozvo imhosva, uye kubvisa midziyo kubva mupfuma kana kuchengeta maakaundi anoita kuti mamiriro emari asakwanise kugadziriswa. Mutemo weCriminal Code une mhosva dzakatsaurirwa dzekubiridzira mubhangi, idzo dzakasimbiswa muna 2016 kuti dzisvike kumukweretesi anobvisa zvinhu zvose mupfuma asati aendesa nyaya yacho kudare.
Kunewo mugumisiro wakanyarara unonyanya kukosha kuvanhu vazhinji vega. Kubvuma kupinda muWsnp, chirongwa chekugadzirisa chikwereti chepamutemo chinotungamira kujekeswa kwemari, kunoda kuti dare rigutsikane kuti mukwereti akaita nekutenda kwakanaka maererano nekupinda nekusabhadhara zvikwereti mumakore mashanu apfuura. Kutamiswa kwemari kunoitwa kuti pfuma isasvike kune anokweretesa ndiyo chaiyo nzira inotungamira pakuramba, uye kuramba zvinoreva kuti zvikwereti zvinongoramba zviripo. Chirongwa ichi chagara kwemwedzi gumi nemisere kubva musi wa1 Chikunguru 2023, izvo zvinoita kuti ive nzira chaiyo yekubuda muchikwereti chiri mudambudziko; kuzvibvisa pachiri kuti uchengetedze pfuma imwe chete kutengeserana kusina kunaka.
Maumbirwo: zvavanonyatsoita
Kambani ine migove mukambani inoshanda ndiyo nzira yakajairika yekuparadzanisa vemabhizinesi, uye inoshanda nekuti njodzi inogara iripo pakutengeserana. Haibatsiri munhu wega asina bhizinesi, uye haidziviriri director kubva pamhosva yekuzvibata kwavo, inova ndiyo nyaya yechinyorwa chedu pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo yevaridzi vemabhizinesi uye nekutarisa kwedu kuchengetedzeka kwemari mukati memutemo wekambani . Kune mhuri ine portfolio yakagovaniswa, stichting administratiekantoor inoparadzanisa kutonga kwekuvhota kubva kukodzero dzehupfumi nekupa marisiti ekuisa mari, asi marisiti acho ndeemuridzi uye anogona kubatanidzwa seimwe pfuma; tinoongorora zvinoitwa nesitifiketi muchinyorwa chedu pamusoro peSTAKs nezvitupa zvekugovana.
Matrust ekune dzimwe nyika ane nzvimbo chaiyo mumabhuku ekutengesa uye madiki zvikuru muchokwadi. Netherlands ibato reHague Trusts Convention uye ichabvuma trust yakagadzirwa zviri pamutemo pasi pemutemo wekune dzimwe nyika, saka dare reDutch rinobvuma kuti trustee, kwete mugari, ndiye muridzi wezvinhu zvacho. Zvisinei, kuzivikanwa hakutauri kana kuchinjirwa mutrust kunogona kurwiswa: pauliana inoshanda pakuchinjirwa kumutariri sezvainoshanda pakuchinjirwa kumuramu. Mutemo wemitero weDutch unoenda mberi wobva waisa midziyo nemari inowanikwa nemari yakaparadzaniswa kumunhu akazvipa, kana kuvagari venhaka yavo, inova nyaya yemupi wezano wemitero uye chimwe chezvikonzero nei nzira iyi isinganyanyi kukwezva sezvainotaridzika.
Zvishandiso zviviri zvemazuva ose zvinoshanda kupfuura chero chimwe cheizvi. Chekutanga inishuwarenzi: chifukidzo chehunyanzvi, chifukidzo chemhosva uye mari dzemutemo dzinofukidza njodzi yekuchinjisa kune rimwe bato rakagadzirirwa kuita izvi, uye vanopindura kune zvichemo zvinoitika chaizvo. Ongorora zvisungo gore rega rega pane muripo wemari. Chechipiri ikutarisira nhaka: dhiri rinogona kuisa nhaka pasi pechibvumirano nekuda kwemupi wemari, zvichikonzera kuti mupi wemari wacho akwanise kudzosa mari kubva pazvinhu zviri pasi pehutongi ihwohwo. Kune mubereki ane hanya nemwana ari mudambudziko remari, icho chishandiso chiri pamutemo uye chinoshanda, uye chinodhura ndima mudhiri.
Kunobva kupi kuratidzwa kwepachivande
Vanhu vazhinji vanorasikirwa nezvinhu zvakawanda havarasikirwi nazvo nekuda kwechikwereti chekunze. Vanorasikirwa nazvo nekuda kwevimbiso yemunhu pachake inopiwa yechikwereti chekambani kana rendi, nekuda kwemutoro wemari yemba yavakatora newaimbova mudiwa wavo, nekuda kwemutero wavanosungirwa semutungamiriri kana semudiwa wavo, kana nekuda kwemhosva yekukuvadzwa kwavakakonzera. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu izvi chine mhinduro yekudzivirira inowanikwa kare kare chikumbiro chisati chasvika: verenga zvaunosaina, tora mvumo inodiwa kubva kune mumwe wako uye chengeta humbowo hwazvo, simbisa kuti uregedzwe kana wabva kukambani kana hukama pane kufunga kuti wakabva, uye tarisa divi remhosva yebasa rega rega raunoita kunze kwebasa.
Imba yekurenda inofanira kutaurwa zvakasiyana, nekuti varidzi vemba vega vanogara vachideredza kukosha kwayo. Mutoro wemamiriro echivako, dziviriro yakasimba iyo mutemo werendi weDutch unopa vanorenda, uye mari inowanzo gara iri shure kweimba yacho zvinosanganisa kuita kuti ive pfuma isinganyanyi kudhura uye inowanzo shandiswa nemunhu wega. Pfuma yepfungwa inobatwa nemunhu wega inomutsa mubvunzo wekuti: ipfuma iri nyore kubatanidza uye iri nyore kuderedza kukosha, uye magweta edu epfuma yepfungwa anogona kupa mazano ekuti kodzero dzinochengetwa sei uye dzinobvumidzwa sei.
Kana chikumbiro chasvika, mhinduro yacho inoenderana nemaitiro kwete chimiro. Pokanai nezvezvakanakira chikumbiro chacho, tarisai kana chakavharwa nenguva, uye kana kukuvara kuchifanira kuyerwa, fungai kana kuchifanira kugadziriswa mumatare makuru kana kuendeswa kune imwe nzira yekuongorora kukuvara . Chisungo chawakawana usati watonga chinogona kubviswa mumatare ekupedzisira apo chikumbiro chinoratidzwa kuti hachina kunaka kana kuti chisungo chacho hachina kuenzana, uye chikumbiro ichocho chinowanzo shanda kupfuura chero kuedza kutamisa pfuma.
Kuti munhu anokweretesa chikwereti anosvika sei pazvinhu zvako
Kunzwisisa nzira yekumanikidza kunotsanangura kuti sei nguva ichikosha zvakadaro. Mukweretesi haangotore chero chinhu. Kutanga kunoda gwaro rekuti executoriale, gwaro rekuti rinogona kusimbiswa: kazhinji mutongo, asiwo gwaro rekuti notarial rine kubvuma chikwereti, kana kuongororwa kwemitero, izvo Belastingdienst inogona kuzvisimbisa isina kuenda kudare. Gwaro rekuti rinobva rapihwa kune ane chikwereti negerechtsdeurwaarder (bailiff), uyo ari mushandi wehurumende ane masimba emutemo, uye mushure meizvozvo chete ndipo panotanga kusimbiswa gwaro.
Kubva ipapo, muchengeti wemari ane menyu. Kubatanidzwa kwepfuma inofambiswa zvinoreva zvakanyorwa pakero uye kutengeswa kweveruzhinji. Kubatanidzwa kwepfuma isingafambi kunonyoreswa mumarejista everuzhinji uye kunotungamira kuokisheni, kunyange hazvo muridzi wemba anowanzoita basa rake rekutanga pasi pekodzero yake yekutengesa. Kubatanidzwa pasi pebato rechitatu, derdenbeslag, ndicho chishandiso chinoshanda zvikuru uye chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya nevanhu vega: chinopihwa kune mushandirwi, sangano rezvibatsiro kana bhangi, iro rinofanira kuzivisa zvarinazvo uye kuribhadhara kumuchengeti wemari panzvimbo pako, zvichienderana nemutemo wekuti mari inowanikwa. Kubatanidzwa kweakaundi yebhangi kunobata mari yasara panguva yebasa, kwete mari yemunguva yemberi, ndosaka kuchidzokororwa.
Mutongo usati waitwa, mukweretesi anogonawo kukumbira mvumo yekurerutsira mutongi wechikwereti, chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya isati yaitwa. Chibvumirano chinopihwa pachikumbiro chakanyorwa, kazhinji pasina mukweretesi kunzwiwa, pakuongorora kwezvikumbiro, uye dare rinotara nguva iyo nyaya huru inofanira kutanga. Chinhu chinozomiswa asi hachitengeswi. Mhinduro mbiri dzinokosha pano. Mukweretesi anogona kukumbira muchirongwa chekugadzirisa nyaya kuti chibvumirano chibviswe, kunyanya kana chikumbiro chikaonekwa chisina kunaka, apo chibvumirano chisina kuenzana kana kuti pane chibatiso chakakwana chinopihwa panzvimbo pezvo. Uye mukweretesi anosunga pasina chikonzero chakakodzera ndiye ane mhosva yekukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nechibvumirano, izvo zviri njodzi chaiyo kumukweretesi uye nharo chaiyo kumukweretesi.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvinopedzisa mufananidzo. Kutevedzwa kwemutemo kune muganho: simba rekusimbisa mutongo rinopera mushure memakore makumi maviri, uye chikumbiro chiripo pachacho chinowanzo rambidzwa makore mashanu mushure mekunge chatanga kubhadharwa kunze kwekunge mukweretesi akakanganisa nguva yacho nekunyora, saka chikumbiro chagara kwenguva refu chakakodzera kuongororwa pane kubhadhara. Uye kana chikwereti chikasakwanisa kubhadharwa zvechokwadi, nzira yacho haisi yekuvanza asi gadziriro: kugadzirisa zvine rugare kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwechikwereti chekanzuru, kana, kana izvozvo zvikakundikana, kubvumidzwa muchirongwa chekugadzirisa chikwereti chepamutemo, chinoguma nekuregererwa kwechikwereti chasara.
Kuongorora hurongwa sezvo hupenyu huchichinja
Zviitiko zvinoita kuti kuongororwa kuve kwakakosha zvinofanotaurwa: kuroorana, kubatana kwakanyoreswa kana kugara pamwe chete, uye kuguma kwavo; kuzvarwa kana kutorwa kwemwana, izvo zvinoshandura zvese chitsidzo uye zvirongwa zvinoshanda zvakanyorwa muchirongwa chekurera vana ; kutenga kana kutengeswa kwemba kana bhizinesi; kutamira mhiri kwemuganhu, izvo zvinogona kuchinja hurongwa hwepfuma yemuchato nemutemo unoshanda kune pfuma yako; uye chero chiitiko chakakosha chenhaka kana mari. Chimwe nechimwe cheizvi inguva yekutarisa magwaro matatu: gadziriro yepfuma yemuchato, chitsidzo, uye purogiramu yeinishuwarenzi.
Maitiro maviri ndiwo anoita basa guru pakati peizvi. Chengeta hutungamiriri hwemhuri huri mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo mumwe munhu anogona kuhuvakazve, nekuti kana paine gakava, kurambana kana kusabhadhara mari, munhu anogona kuratidza kwakabva pfuma anoichengeta. Uye tora zano seseti pane kungotora chikamu: gweta, gweta uye mupi wezano wemitero vachitarisa mufananidzo mumwe chete havazoburitse kupokana kunomuka kana mumwe nemumwe akabvunzwa mubvunzo mudiki ari ega. Kune mhuri dzine pfuma yakaoma, kambani yedu yekupa mazano kuhofisi yemhuri inoona nezvebasa iroro, uye timu yedu yevatengi vega ndiyo inobata mafaira ega ega.
sei Law & More anogona kubatsira
Law & More inopa mazano kuvanhu vega nezvekuchengetedzwa kwepamutemo kwezvinhu zvavo: marongero epfuma yemuchato nemigumisiro yayo, vimbiso uye zvinodiwa zvekubvumirana zvinoshanda kwavari, chinzvimbo chemba yemhuri, madhiri nekutonga kwemagwaro echibvumirano, dziviriro yezvikumbiro nezvisungo, uye mibvunzo inomuka kana mukweretesi achidana actio pauliana. Isu tinoshandawo kune vanokweretesa kune rimwe divi remitemo imwecheteyo. Kana uchida kuti chinzvimbo chako chiongororwe dambudziko risati ramuka, kana kuti wakasangana nechikumbiro kana chisungo, unogona kutaura nechikwata chedu kuburikidza Website yeduKana mubvunzo wacho uchitaura nezvekambani yauri iwe kana yaunotungamira, kambani yedu mutemo wemakambani kudzidzira kunoshanda pafaira rimwe chete.
