Kudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvevaridzi vemabhizinesi pasi pemutemo weDutch

Kudzivirirwa kwezvinhu kune varidzi vemabhizinesi muNetherlands kunobva pamusiyano mumwe chete: kana bhizinesi rako riine hunhu hwepamutemo. Mutengesi wega (eenmanszaak) kana mubatanidzwa mukuru (vennootschap onder firma) haana, saka zvikwereti zvebhizinesi zvinogona kudzoserwa zvakananga kubva kuzvinhu zvepachivande. Kambani yega yega (besloten vennootschap, BV) kana kambani yeruzhinji (naamloze vennootschap, NV) ine hunhu hwepamutemo, uye zvikwereti zvayo musimboti ndezvayo. Zvimwe zvese zviri muchinyorwa chino ndezvekusiyana kwenheyo iyoyo uye kuti ungagara sei kunze kwayo.

Mutemo weDutch hauzivi marongerwo etrust uye kuregererwa kunoshandiswa mumitemo yecommon law: hapana kuregererwa kwemba, hapana rendi zvachose, uye trust yekudzivirira pfuma yekunze kwenyika inowanzopa muzvinabhizinesi wekuDutch chimwe chinhu kunze kwematambudziko. Basa rinoitwa harina mukurumbira uye pamutemo: fomu repamutemo rakakodzera, kupatsanurwa kwakachena pakati pezvinhu zvepachivande nezvekambani, zvibvumirano nekodzero dzekuchengetedza dzinopa njodzi pachine nguva, inishuwarenzi yezvisingagone kupihwa, uye vatungamiriri vanonyorera panguva. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kuti zvinhu izvozvo zvinobatana sei.

Ndeipi fomu yepamutemo inoderedza mutoro

Kusarudzwa kwefomu repamutemo ndiko kunosarudza kuti ndiani ane chikumbiro chekuti bhizinesi harigone kubhadhara. Mubhizinesi remutengesi wega uye mubatanidzwa mukuru hapana munhu wepamutemo akaparadzana, saka mukweretesi anogona kudzoserwa zvakananga kubva kumuridzi kana kubva kumubatsiri wega wega zvizere. Mubatanidzwa mukuru une pfuma yebhizinesi yakaparadzana, iyo vanokweretesa vayo vanosvika pakutanga, asi kana pfuma iyoyo yapera, mubatsiri wega wega ane mutoro wechikwereti chose pasi pechikamu 18 cheCommercial Code (Wetboek van Koophandel). Bhiri rekuvandudza mutemo wehukama nekuvapa hunhu hwepamutemo rakagadzirwa asi harina kuendeswa kuparamende, saka mitemo iripo inoramba ichishanda.

Kushandura bhizinesi remutengesi wega kuita bv kunoitwa negwaro re notarial uye hakubvisi mutoro wezvikwereti zvakatoitika. Uye hazvishande zvichitarisa kumashure kune mukweretesi ari kutomanikidza: kutamiswa kwezvinhu zvinoitirwa kukanganisa kudzoserwa kwemari kunogona kusiyiwa parutivi nemukweretesi iyeye semutemo we paulian pasi pechikamu 3:45 cheDutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), uye mukubhuroka nemutariri pasi pechikamu 42 cheBankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet). Saka kugadzirisazve chimwe chinhu chaunoita bhizinesi richiri rakanaka. Chimiro chipi chinoenderanawo nemhedzisiro yemitero iyo mupi wezano wemitero anofanira kuongorora; magweta edu emakambani anoshanda nemuakaunti wako pane kutsiva.

Kana mutungamiriri aine mhosva yake pachake pasinei nemhosva yemurume/mukadzi

Mutemo weDutch hauna dzidziso yekupinza makambani munjodzi. Asi une zvikonzero zvakananga zvekuti mutungamiriri anogona kupiwa mhosva, uye zvinoshandiswa kakawanda kupfuura zvinotarisirwa nevakatanga makambani.

• Kusaita mabasa zvakanaka kukambani (chinyorwa 2:9 BW) - mutoro kukambani pachayo apo director ane mhosva huru mukuita basa rake rekutungamira.
• Mutoro wekubhuroka (zvinyorwa 2:248 na2:138 BW) - mutariri anogona kupa vatungamiriri mhosva yekushaikwa kwemari munhaka apo bhodhi rakaita mabasa aro zvisirizvo uye ndicho chaive chikonzero chikuru chekubhuroka. Kukundikana kuendesa maakaundi egore negore nenguva, kana kuchengetedza maakaundi akakodzera, kunoonekwa sekushanda kusina kunaka uye kunoita kuti pave nefungidziro yekuti yaive chikonzero chakakosha.
• Kuita zvisina kururama kune anokweretesa (chinyorwa 6:162 BW) - mutungamiriri anopinda muzvisungo achimiririra kambani achiziva, kana kuti aine chikonzero chekuziva, kuti haizokwanisi kuita basa rayo uye haizombopa rubatsiro, ane mhosva kune anokweretesa iyeye.
• Zvikwereti zvemitero nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu (chinyorwa 36 cheMutemo weKuunganidzwa kweMitero yeNyika) - kambani isingakwanise kubhadhara mutero wayo wepayroll, VAT kana mipiro yepension inofanira kuzivisa Tax Administration nekunyora, musimboti mukati memavhiki maviri kubva pazuva raifanira kubhadharwa mutero wacho. Kana ikatadza kupa chiziviso ichocho, director anenge aine mutoro wekuratidza kuti kusabhadhara kwacho kwaisakonzerwa nekutadza kwake kutonga, izvo zvinoita sekunge hazvigoneke.

Chekupedzisira pane izvi ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa pakuita kuti kambani diki ive nemhosva, uye ndiyo yakachipa zvikuru yekudzivisa: kuziviswa kwakanyorwa kwekutadza kubhadhara hakubhadharisi chinhu uye kunochengetedza chinzvimbo chako.

Kuparadzanisa midziyo yemunhu oga neyebhizinesi, kusanganisira wawakaroorana naye

Dziviriro inopihwa nebv inokanganiswa nemuridzi weakaundi yekambani sechikwama chemari. Zvibhadhare muhoro kana dividend, kwete mari inoshandiswa nekambani; nyora zvese zvawakaita pakati pako nekambani, kusanganisira chikwereti kubva kukambani kuenda kumutungamiriri, muchibvumirano chakanyorwa pamiganhu yesimba; uye nyora mota, michina nezvinhu zvisingafambike muzita resangano rinofanira kuva nazvo, kuhurumende yemotokari (RDW) neLand Registry (Kadaster) zvakateerana. Chengetedza rejista yevanamasheya uye maminetsi ezvisarudzo zvebhodhi nevanomasheya zvichiripo, nekuti mukukakavadzana mutoro wekuratidza kuti sarudzo yakatorwa unowira pakambani.

Muchato ndiwo chikamu chinoonekwa nevazhinji varidzi. Kune vakaroorana vakapinda musi wa1 Ndira 2018 kana kuti mushure mawo, mutemo wepamutemo unoti midziyo mishoma iri pasi pechinyorwa 1:94 BW: izvo mumwe nemumwe wavo aive nazvo vasati varoorana, uye zvipo nenhaka, zvinoramba zviri zvakavanzika, nepo zvinovakwa panguva yemuchato zvichiwira munharaunda. Bhizinesi rakatanga panguva yemuchato rinowira munharaunda, uye vanokweretesa muzvinabhizinesi vanogona kudzoserwa kubva kumidziyo yemunharaunda. Mamiriro epamberi pemuchato kana mushure memuchato (huwelijkse voorwaarden), akanyorwa negweta remutemo wehurumende, ndiwo anodzivirira bhizinesi kuti risapinde munharaunda.

Chinyorwa 1:88 BW chinowedzera dziviriro inowanzo kuve yakakosha mukuita. Mudzimai anoda mvumo yakanyorwa yemumwe wake pazviito zvepamutemo, zvinosanganisira muridzi wechikwereti kana kugamuchira mutoro wekubatana pamwe chete uye zvakawanda zvechikwereti chemumwe munhu wechitatu. Pasina mvumo iyoyo, mumwe wake anogona kubvisa mutemo pasi peChinyorwa 1:89 BW. Musiyano mudiki: hapana mvumo inodiwa kana mutemo uyu uchiitwa mubhizinesi nemutungamiriri ane mugove wake wega kana nevamwe vatungamiriri. Musiyano iwoyo unotongwa nguva nenguva, saka usambofunga kuti unoshanda kune vimbiso yechikwereti chiri kunze kwekutengeserana kwakajairika.

Zvibvumirano, kodzero dzekuchengetedza uye vimbiso dzemunhu

Zvibvumirano zvinopa njodzi zvisati zvaitika, uye muNetherlands zvinoshanda ndezvenguva pfupi uye zvakananga. Shandisai mitemo nemipimo yenyu nemazvo: zvinongosunga mumwe munhu kana zvikawanikwa chibvumirano chisati chaitwa kana panguva yachakapedzwa, uye chikamu 6:233 BW chinobvumira mumwe munhu kubvisa chikamu chisina kupihwa mukana wakakodzera wekucherechedza, kana kuti chinorema zvisina musoro. Chikamu chekuganhurira mutoro chinoshandiswa musimboti, asi kwete kumunhu akakonzera kurasikirwa nemaune kana nekusangwarira nemaune. Kuchengetwa kwekodzero pasi pechikamu 3:92 BW kunochengetedza muridzi wezvinhu zvakaunzwa kusvika muripo waitwa uye ndeimwe yedziviriro shoma dziripo.

Kune rimwe divi remari imwe chete iyi kune kodzero dzekuchengetedza. Kodzero yekuvimbisa pamusoro pezvinhu zvinobhadharwa, zvinhu zviri mudura kana masheya, uye mortgage pamusoro pezvinhu zvisingafambi, ipa muridzi pekutanga pane vamwe vanokweretesa uye kodzero yekuzadzisa zvinodiwa. Kana kambani yako ikakweretesa mari kumutengi, mutengesi kana chimwe chinhu chine chekuita nayo, tora chibatiso; kana bhangi rikakweretesa kambani yako, tauriranai nezvechibatiso chainoda, nekuti chibatiso pamusoro pezvinhu zvese zviripo uye zvemangwana hachigoni kusiya chero chinhu kune mumwe munhu. Peji redu rekuchengetedzwa kwemari mukati memutemo wekambani rinotsanangura zviridzwa zvakadzama.

Vimbiso yemunhu inofanirwa nendima yayo, nekuti inoshandura mutoro wakaganhurirwa kuita wekusaganhurirwa une siginecha imwe chete. Muvimbisi (borgtocht) anotongwa nechikamu 7:850 BW, uye kana muvimbisi ari munhu wepachivande ari kunze kwebasa kana bhizinesi, chikamu 7:858 BW chinoda kuti gwaro ritaure huwandu hwakanyanya, zvikasadaro muvimbisi haasungirwi. Bvunzai muganho, zuva rekupera uye kusunungurwa kana zvibvumirano zvakabvumiranwa zvazadzikiswa, bvunzai kana kuchengetedzwa kwekambani kuchigona kupihwa panzvimbo pezvo, uye tsvagai mvumo yakanyorwa yemumwe wenyu kana chikamu 1:88 BW chichida izvozvo. Kana muchirenda imba, tarisai vimbiso iri muchibvumirano; dziviriro yepamutemo inowanirwa nemugari wemba haisviki pakuchengetedzwa kwemunhu kwawakakumbirwa nemuridzi wemba kuti usaine.

Chimiro chekubata uye stak: panofanira kugara kukosha

Maumbirwo eDutch akajairika anoparadzanisa njodzi nekukosha. Holding bv ine migove mukambani imwe kana kupfuura inoshanda uye ine izvo zvinofanira kurarama mushure mekukundikana kubhadhara: pfuma yepfungwa, mari yakawandisa, mubhadharo wepensheni kana annuity uye, pazvinenge zvakakodzera, nzvimbo yebhizinesi. Kambani inoshanda ndiyo inofambisa kutengeserana, inoshandisa vashandi uye inotakura zvikumbiro. Midziyo inodiwa nekambani inoshanda inopihwa kwairi nerezenisi kana rendi zvichienderana nemamiriro ebasa, kuitira kuti kambani inobata ive mukweretesi kwete mumwe wevane chikwereti kana zvinhu zvikasafamba zvakanaka.

Zvinhu zviviri zvinosarudza kana izvi zvichiri kushanda. Kutengeserana pakati pemakambani eboka kunofanira kunge kuri kwechokwadi uye kwakanyorwa, nemitengo yemusika uye rendi dzinobhadharwa neinishuwarenzi, nekuti chimiro chepepa chisingatevedzerwi nemunhu chiri nyore kuti mutariri abvise. Uye nguva yacho inofanira kunge yakarurama: kuendesa midziyo kumusoro kana kusakwanisa kubhadhara zvikwereti kwatoonekwa kunoratidza kuti kuchinjirwa uku kwave kupikiswa sechiito chePaulian, uye kunogona kutsigira chikumbiro chekuti vatungamiriri vakaita zvisina kunaka. Migumisiro yemitero yechimiro cheholding, kusanganisira kusabatanidzwa uye kubatwa kwemari, ndeyemupi wezano wako wemitero kuti aongorore.

Sangano rekutonga migove (stichting administratiekantoor, kana stak) rinoita zvakasiyana. Stak ine kodzero yepamutemo yemigove uye inopa marisiti ekuisa mari kune vanowana mari, saka kodzero dzekuvhota dzinogara nebhodhi resangano ukuwo kodzero dzehupfumi dzichigara nevaridzi vemarisiti. Ndiyo nzira yakajairika yekuchengetedza kutonga mumaoko maviri panguva yekutsiva mubhizinesi remhuri , yekupa vashandi mugove pasina kuvapa vhoti, uye yekudzivirira migove kuti isagovaniswe pakati pevagari venhaka. Hazvisi zvidziviriro kubva kune vanokweretesa: marisiti ekuisa mari ipfuma yakafanana nedzimwe uye inogona kubatanidzwa. Kuti pave nekubatana pakati pechimiro chakadaro, chitsidzo chenhaka nemamiriro emuchato, timu yedu yezano yehofisi yemhuri inoshanda pamwe chete negweta.

Pfuma yepfungwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingabatike

Mumakambani mazhinji, zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha hazvipo zvachose. Kodzero dzevashandi dzinongoerekana dzagadzirwa, pasina kunyoreswa, uye pasi peDutch Copyright Act, mushandirwi anoonekwa semunyori wemabasa akagadzirwa nemushandi mukuita basa. Mutemo iwoyo haushande kune vanhu vanoshanda vega: pasina basa rakanyorwa, kodzero dzevashandi dziri musoftware, magadzirirwo kana magwaro awakabhadhara mushandi wekambani dzinogara nemushandi wekambani. Chikamu chipfupi chebasa muchibvumirano chega chega chemushandi wekambani ndicho chidziviriro chakachipa muchinyorwa chino.

Zviratidzo zvekutengeserana zvinonyoreswa neBenelux Office for Intellectual Property for Benelux protection kana neEU Intellectual Property Office for the whole Union; zita rekutengeserana rinodzivirirwa zvakasiyana pasi peTrade Names Act nekushandisa pane kunyoresa. Mapatenti anopihwa munyika yese neNetherlands Patent Office kana, nekuda kwekudzivirirwa kweEurope, neEuropean Patent Office, nesarudzo yehumwe simba uye kutonga kweUnified Patent Court. Ruzivo rwebhizinesi rwakavanzika rwune kukosha kwekutengeserana uye rwunochengetwa rwakavanzika runodzivirirwa pasi peTrade Secrets Act (Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen), asi chete kana uchikwanisa kuratidza kuti wakatora matanho akakodzera ekuchengetedza zvakavanzika, zvinoreva zvirambidzo zvekuwana uye zvikamu zvekuchengetedza zvakavanzika pane zvinangwa zvakanaka.

Zvikamu zvekusakwikwidzana uye zvekusakumbira zvine basa pano, zvichienderana nemitemo yakasimba iri muchikamu 7:653 BW muzvibvumirano zvebasa. Ruzivo rwemunhu harusi pfuma yaunayo: ibasa, uye kutyorwa kwedata kunofanirwa kuziviswa kuDutch Data Protection Authority mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri apo zvingangoisa njodzi kuvanhu vane chekuita nazvo.

Inishuwarenzi: inofukidza njodzi

Inishuwarenzi ndipo panopinda njodzi isingakwanise kubviswa nechibvumirano. Musika weDutch unoshanda nezvigadzirwa zvishoma, uye mazita eAnglo-American anoshandiswa mukutungamirira kwenyika haaratidzike. Hakuna inishuwarenzi yemubhadharo wevashandi muNetherlands: mushandi anokuvara kana kurwara panguva yebasa anopomera mushandirwi pasi pechinyorwa 7:658 BW, uye mushandirwi anovhara mukana iwoyo kuburikidza neinishuwarenzi yemutoro wemushandirwi uye nekuramba achibhadhara mihoro panguva yekurwara.

Mari inowanzo sanganisira chifukidzo chemhosva yebhizinesi, chifukidzo chehunyanzvi chebasa rekupa mazano, chifukidzo chemhosva chevatungamiriri nevakuru vemakambani nekuda kwezvikumbiro zvemunhu oga kubhodhi, chifukidzo checyber, chifukidzo chekumiswa kwebhizinesi uye chifukidzo chemari yepamutemo. Chifukidzo chekubvisa zvinhu chinosanganisira vagadziri nevanopinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika, vane mutoro wakasimba wezvigadzirwa zvisina kunaka pasi pechinyorwa 6:185 uye chinotevera BW. Ongorora mari dzakavimbiswa pese panoitika shanduko, huwandu hwezvigadzirwa kana musika wenzvimbo, uye verenga zvisingabatanidzwe pane bhurocha: musiyano uripo pakati pemapolisi maviri ndepanogara zvikumbiro zvisina inishuwarenzi.

Zvinogona uye zvisingagone kuitwa nevanokweretesa

Mutemo weDutch unotanga kubva pachikamu 3:276 BW: mukweretesi anogona kudzosa chikumbiro kubva kuzvinhu zvese zvemukweretesi. Zvisizvo izvi zvakamanikana uye zviri pamutemo, uye hazvina rupo zvakanyanya kupfuura kuregererwa kunowanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Hapana dziviriro yemba inogarwa nemuridzi: mubhangi, mutariri weimba anogona kuitengesa, uye kunze kwebhangi, mukweretesi ane kodzero yekuva nekodzero ...

Zvinodzivirirwa zvakanyorwa muMutemo weMaitiro eVanhu pamwe neMutemo weKubhuroka. Kubviswa kwemihoro, mabhenefiti uye mari yepensheni kunoganhurirwa nechikamu chisina kuvharwa, icho chinoverengerwa zvichienderana nefomura yepamutemo. Zvinhu zvepamba, zvipfeko, chikafu nezvishandiso zvinodiwa nemunhu kuti awane raramo hazvibviswe pakubatanidzwa. Kodzero dzakawanikwa pasi pechirongwa chepensheni hadzisvikirwi nevanokweretesa, nepo kukosha kwekusundira inishuwarenzi yeannuity kunodzivirirwa chete mukati memiganhu yakatarwa nechikamu 22a cheMutemo weKubhuroka. Kune munhu wepanyika asingakwanise kubhadhara, chirongwa chekugadzirisa chikwereti chepamutemo pasi peMutemo weKubhuroka ikozvino chinoshanda kwemwedzi gumi nemisere, mushure mezvo zororo rinogona kuteverwa.

Kune kambani iri mumatambudziko, pane imwe nzira inofanirwa kuzivikanwa vasati vatama. Pasi pechirongwa chekusimbisa hurongwa hwekugadziriswazve kwemari kunze kwedare, kambani inogona kusunga vanokweretesa vasingabvumirane nekambani iyi kuti ive nechikwereti kunze kwekukundikana kubhadhara, chero bedzi mitemo yepamutemo yazadzikiswa. Kushandiswa nekufamba kwenguva kunoponesa kambani yaizoparara, uye inzira chaiyo yekubvumira boka revanokweretesa kuti vamanikidze kubhuroka.

Kuchengetedza chimiro chiripo panguva ino

Chimiro chakakodzera pakunyoreswa kwekambani chinotanga. Ongorora kamwe chete pagore uye mushure mekuchinja kwese kwakakosha: vagovani vatsva, mushandi wekutanga, mutengi wekune imwe nyika, chikwereti chakakura, kurambana, kutenga kana kutsiva. Tarisa kuti kupinda murejista yekutengeserana, rejista yevagovani uye rejista yevaridzi vanobatsira kwakarurama here; kunyoreswa kwevaridzi vanobatsira pakupedzisira neChamber of Commerce kuchiri kusungirwa, kunyangwe kupinda kweveruzhinji kwakavharwa mushure memutongo weDare reJustice reEuropean Union wa22 Mbudzi 2022 uye kupinda ikozvino kwakaganhurirwa kune vane masimba vane hunyanzvi uye kune mapato ane zvido zvepamutemo.

Tarisawo nguva yekupedzisira yekutumira magwaro, nekuti ane mutoro wemunhu. Maakaundi egore negore eBV anofanira kunyorwa mukati memwedzi mishanu kubva pakupera kwegore rezvemari, nguva iyo musangano mukuru unogona kuwedzera kusvika kumwedzi mishanu nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akakosha, akagamuchirwa nemusangano mukuru, uye kuendeswa kurejista yekutengeserana mukati memazuva masere ekugamuchirwa uye chero zvodini kwete mushure memwedzi gumi nemiviri mushure mekupera kwegore rezvemari. Chengeta magwaro ako kwemakore manomwe, uye makore gumi eruzivo rwune chekuita nepfuma isingafambi. Kunonoka kuendesa magwaro hakusi tsika: mukubhuroka kunoonekwa sekunge kusaita mabasa zvakanaka uye kunoisa mutoro weuchapupu kubhodhi.

Law & More inopa mazano kune vemabhizinesi nevemhuri nezvemagadzirirwo ebhizinesi ravo, zvibvumirano zvevane masheya, kodzero dzekuchengetedza uye vimbiso, mutoro wemutungamiriri uye kugadziriswa kweboka matambudziko asati amuka kwete mushure mekuitika. Tinoshanda neakaunti yako nemupi wezano wemitero apo mhedzisiro yemitero inofanira kuongororwa. Kuti uongorore chinzvimbo chako, taura nechikwata pa Law & More.