Mhosva dzekurwiswa muNetherlands: kusabatwa zvakanaka, kutyisidzira uye murairo wenguva pfupi wekudzingwa mudzimba

Nyaya dzemhirizhonga dziri pakati penyaya dzemhosva dzinonyanya kusanganikwa nevanhu muNetherlands. Kurwa kunze kwebhawa, nharo kumba dzinotaurwa nemuvakidzani, meseji yehasha inoverengwa senjodzi: mumwe nemumwe anogona kuburitsa faira remapurisa uye rekodhi yemhosva. Chinyorwa chino chinotsanangura kuti mutemo weDutch unobata sei kurwiswa (kusabatwa zvakanaka ) uye kutyisidzira ( bedreiging ), kuti nyaya inomhanya sei kubva pamushumo kusvika pakunzwiwa, zvinogona kutaurwa nemunhu anenge abatwa, uye kuti murairo wekubvisa vanhu mudzimba kwenguva pfupi ( tijdelijk huisverbod ) unoshanda sei pamwe chete nenyaya yemhosva.

Kana iwe kana vana vako muri panjodzi, Veilig Thuis, iyo nyika inopa mazano nekushuma nezvemhirizhonga yemumba nekushungurudzwa kwevana, inogona kufonerwa mahara panhamba 0800-2000, nguva dzese, uye unogona kukumbira mazano usingazivikanwe.

Kurwisa: mhosva yekubata zvisina kunaka

Mutemo weDutch hautsananguri kurwiswa. Art. 300 Sr inoti kubatwa zvisina kunaka kunorangwa uye matare akazadzisa zvinoreva: kukonzera kurwadziwa kana kukuvara kwemuviri wemumwe munhu nemaune, kana kukanganisa hutano hwavo nemaune. Zvinhu zvitatu zvinotevera.

• Chinangwa chinodiwa. Chinangwa chine chekuita nepfungwa chakakwana - uchibvuma uchiziva mukana wakakura wekurwadziwa kana kukuvara. Kukonzera kukuvara nekusangwarira chete imhosva yakasiyana, isina kusimba (art. 308 Sr).
• Kukuvara hakudiwi. Kurwadziwa kwakakwana: kurohwa kusina mavanga kunogona kuva kurwiswa.
• Hazvisi zvese zvinoitwa pakutaurirana zvinorangwa. Kusangana nevanhu mumitambo uye kurapwa kunogamuchirwa hazvibatanidzwi nemhosva. Kubvuma hakusi kudzivirira mhirizhonga yakakura.

Kuedza kunorangwa pachako (art. 45 Sr). Kana vanhu vakati wandei vachishandisa chisimba pamwe chete pachena, muchuchisi anogona kupomera chisimba cheruzhinji pamwe chete (art. 141 Sr), asingade humbowo hwekuti ndiani akarova.

Mapoka emhosva muchidimbu

Chii chinoshandura kurwiswa kuri nyore kuita mhosva yakakomba

Kukuvadzwa mumuviri kunorwadza

Mutsetse uripo pakati pechinyorwa. 300 Sr nechinyorwa. 302 Sr unopfuura ne zwaar lichamelijk letsel . Chikamu. 82 Sr chinonyora nyaya dzinogara dzichiverengwa, dzakadai sekusakwanisa kushanda zvachose kana kurasikirwa nepfungwa kana nhengo. Kupfuura runyorwa irworwo, Dare Repamusorosoro rinoongorora rudzi rwekukuvara, kukosha uye rudzi rwekupindira kwechiremba, uye mukana wekupora (Hoge Raad 3 Chikunguru 2018, ECLI:NL:HR:2018:1051). Kutyoka kunoda kuvhiyiwa kunowanzo enderana; kukuvadzwa hakuenderane. Nzira mbiri dzinotungamira kumhosva yakakomba: chinangwa chaive chakanangana nekukuvara kwakakomba (chinyorwa. 302 Sr), kana kuti mupomerwi aida kurwiswa kwakajairika asi kukuvara kwakakomba kwakaitika, izvo zvinosimudzira huwandu hwepamusoro pasi pechinyorwa. 300 Sr kubva pamakore matatu kusvika mana, uye kusvika kumatanhatu apo munhu anofa.

Kufanogadzirira

Kugadzirira ( voorbedachten rade ) kunoshandura hunyanzvi. 300 Sr kuita hunyanzvi. 301 Sr uye hunyanzvi. 302 Sr kuita hunyanzvi. 303 Sr. Zvinoda kuti mupomerwi ave nenguva yekufungisisa nezvesarudzo yekuita uye mhedzisiro yayo, pane kuita zvinhu nekukasira. Nekuti zvinowedzera zvakanyanya hunyanzvi, zvinofanirwa kufungwa nokungwarira; nguva yekufunga haisi yekusarudza apo mamiriro ezvinhu anonongedzera kumanzwiro akangoerekana aitika (Hoge Raad 28 Kukadzi 2012, ECLI:NL:HR:2012:BR2342).

Mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa eArt. 304 Sr

Chikamu 304 Sr chinowedzera chirango chemhosva dzekurova nechikamu chimwe muzvitatu mumamiriro ezvinhu akatsanangurwa. Chisungo ichi chinodudza amai vemupomerwi, baba, murume kana mukadzi, mudiwa akanyoreswa, mudiwa wehupenyu ( levensgezel ) nemwana wake, uye mushandi wehurumende ari muhofisi yake zviri pamutemo, izvo zvinosanganisira vashandi veamburenzi. Nhengo yemhuri ndiyo chisungo chepamutemo chemhirizhonga yemudiwa nemhuri, uye chinoshanda kunyangwe mapato acho achiri kugara pamwe chete kana kwete.

Kutyisidzira (kutyisidzira)

Haasi kutyisidzira kwese kuri mhosva. Chikamu 285 Sr chinoranga kutyisidzira mumwe munhu nemhosva dzakakomba: mhirizhonga yeruzhinji inobatanidzwa nevanhu kana pfuma, chisimba chinoitirwa munhu akachengetedzwa pasi rose kana zvinhu zvakachengetedzwa nemunhu iyeye, mhosva inokonzera njodzi kuvanhu kana pfuma, kushungurudzwa pabonde uye kubata chibharo (chikamu 241 na243 Sr), mhosva inorwisa hupenyu, kutora vanhu senhapwa, kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya mumuviri uye kupisa. Kutyisidzira mumwe munhu nembama hakuna kuvharwa, nekuti kurwiswa kwakajairika hakusi pane rondedzero; kutyisidzira kumuuraya ndiko.

Matare anodawo kuti kutyisidzira uku kwaigona kukonzera kutya kwakakodzera kuti kwaizoitwa, uye kuti kwakasvika pakuziva kwemunhu ari kutyisidzirwa. Nzira iyi haina basa uye mamiriro ezvinhu anoita basa: mazwi mamwe chete anogona kunge ari kupopotedzana kusina maturo pakati peshamwari uye kutyisidzira chaiko pakati pevaviri vari kuparadzana vane nhoroondo yemhirizhonga. Rondedzero iyi yakagadziridzwa neMutemo weMhosva Dzepabonde (Wet seksuele misdrijven), wakashanda kubvira 1 Chikunguru 2024, ndosaka ikozvino uchinongedzera ku arts. 241 na243 Sr pane kutsananguro dzekare dzemhosva dzepabonde.

Mutongo uri muchidimbu

Mutemo mukuru ndiwo muganho, hauwanzosvikiki; mitemo miviri yakapfava ndiyo inoita basa chairo.

Gwaro rePublic Prosecution Service rinoona zvinodiwa nemuchuchisi. Pasi pemurairo weAanwijzing kader voor strafvvording meerderjarigen (2019A003) vanoshandisa nzira ine matanho maviri: pokutangira kubva pamhosva uye chero kudzokororwa kwemhosva, wobva wagadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, kukanganisa kwakaitwa munhu akabatwa uye chinzvimbo chemupomerwi. Pakurwisa, chishandiso chinoshanda ndechekudzokororwa kwemhosva (2020R008). Kukwidziridzwa kukuru kunoshanda pakudzokororwa kwemhosva mukati memakore mashanu uye pamhirizhonga inoitwa kuvashandi vehurumende nevashandi vekukurumidzira: pamhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu vanoita basa reveruzhinji vakachengeteka ( veilige publieke taak ) gwara rinopa kukwidziridzwa kwakajairika kwe200%.

Nzvimbo dzinotungamira matare edzimhosva (LOVS oriëntatiepunten ) dzinoitawo zvakafanana kudare. Idzi ndidzo nzvimbo dzekutanga, kwete mitemo inosunga, uye dzinowedzera nekukuvadza nenzira dzinoshandiswa: kubva pamari shoma yekurova kunokonzera marwadzo chete, kuburikidza nebasa remunharaunda uko chombo chinoshandiswa, kusvika kumwedzi yejeri nekuda kwekukuvara kwakanyanya mumuviri. Vanotiwo mumhosva dzemhirizhonga yemumba faindi haifanirwe kupihwa.

Muchidimbu, mutongo wacho unowanzova wekushandira vanhu munharaunda, faindi, kana mutongo mupfupi wejeri wakamiswa zvachose kana kuti chikamu chawo nemamiriro ezvinhu akakosha: kutarisirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhosva, kurapwa nehasha, kurambidzwa doro, kurambidzwa kusangana nevanhu munharaunda. Kutyora mutemo kunogona kukonzera kumanikidzwa kwechikamu chakamiswa. Pamhosva dzakakomba dzechisimba, mutemo wekushandira vanhu munharaunda unorambidzwa nemutemo (art. 22b Sr).

Kuzvidzivirira: noodweer uye noodweerexces

Chikamu 41 Sr chine dziviriro mbiri idzi. Noodweer inoruramisa maitiro anodiwa mukudzivirira muviri wemunhu kana wemumwe, kuvimbika pabonde kana pfuma yake kubva pakurwiswa kusiri pamutemo. Mutongo wekuongorora (Hoge Raad 22 Kurume 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:456) unotsanangura zvinodiwa: kurwiswa chaiko, nekukurumidza uye kusiri pamutemo - kutya kurwiswa mune ramangwana hakuna kukwana; dziviriro yaidikanwa, saka mukana chaiwo wekubuda waifanira kutorwa; uye zvinoreva zvinoenderana nekurwiswa. Kubvuma kwakabudirira kunoita kuti munhu asunungurwe kubva mukupomerwa mhosva, kwete kusunungurwa.

Noodweerexces inopembedza mudziviriri akadarika miganhu iyoyo, asi chete apo kuwandisa kwacho kwaive mugumisiro wekukurumidza wekuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa kwakakonzerwa nekurwiswa pachako, kwesimba chairo uye kusarudza mhinduro. Mudziviriri akakonzera kusawirirana anogona kurasikirwa nekudzivirira kwese kuri kuviri.

Kubva pamushumo kusvika pakunzwa

Nyaya inowanzo tanga nekumhan'arirwa kumapurisa nemunhu akakuvara, kana nemumwe munhu akaita semuvakidzani, chikoro kana Veilig Thuis. Mapurisa anotora zvirevo uye anounganidza humbowo hwechiremba nemifananidzo yekamera, uye munhu anenge apomerwa mhosva anogona kukokwa kuti abvunzurudzwe kana kusungwa.

Munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ane kodzero yekubvunza gweta asati abvunzurudzwa kekutanga, kuva negweta riripo panguva yekubvunzurudzwa, uye kuramba akanyarara. Kana munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye ari kuchengetwa, muchuchisi anogona kuraira kuti achengetedzwe nemapurisa; kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba kunoedzwa nemutongi ari kuferefeta.

Muchuchisi anobva asarudza: kusiya nyaya yacho, ine mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti isina; kuiendesa kudare revanopa mazano; kuibvisa nemutemo wechirango; kana kushevedza munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ari kupomerwa mhosva kudare. Nyaya zhinji dzemhirizhonga dzinopfuura nenzira yeZSM inokurumidza. Muchuchisi anogona kupa gwara rekuita (art. 509hh Sv) — kazhinji kurambidzwa kusangana kana nzvimbo.

The strafbeschikking

Nyaya dzemhirizhonga dzepadanho repasi dzinowanzo gadziriswa nemutemo wechirango ( strafbeschikking ) unopihwa nemuchuchisi pasina kunzwiwa. Unowanikwa kune mhosva dzine makore matanhatu, kusanganisira kurova nekutyisidzira. Muchuchisi haagone kumanikidza kusungwa, asi anogona kumanikidza faindi, basa remunharaunda rinosvika maawa zana nemakumi masere, muripo, uye maitiro ehunhu. Murairo wemhirizhonga yemumba unoitora seyakakodzera chete muzviitiko zvishoma: kukuvara kusina kana kushoma, pasina kutyisidzira kwemhirizhonga itsva, chiitiko chekutanga, kana munhu akapara mhosva achikumbira rubatsiro.

Murairo wechirango une kuwanikwa kwemhosva uye unonyorwa mubhuku remagwaro edare, iro rinonyanya kukosha kune chero munhu ane chinzvimbo chekugara, kugara kwake munyika kana chitupa chemufambiro zvinoenderana negwaro rake rakachena. Munhu asingagamuchire anogona kupokana ( verzet ) mukati memazuva gumi nemana kubva pawasvika murairo wacho (art. 257e Sv), mushure mezvo nyaya yacho inoendeswa kudare.

Kudare, nyaya dzakananga dzinotongwa nemutongi mumwe chete, politierechter , uyo anowanzopa mutongo nemuromo panguva imwe chete; nyaya dzakakomba dzinoenda kudare rine vatongi vatatu. Kukwidza nyaya kuri kudare repamusoro uye, pamutemo chete, kuDare Repamusorosoro. Kunzwa nyaya kuri muchiDutch, nemuturikiri. Wetboek van Strafvordering yakagadziridzwa ichachinja nhamba dzenyaya idzi. Yakagamuchirwa neEerste Kamer musi wa24 Kukadzi 2026 uye yakaburitswa muStaatsblad musi wa13 Kurume 2026, asi inotanga kushanda bhuku nebhuku nemutemo wehumambo, saka nhamba dziri pamusoro apa ndidzo nhamba dzinoshanda kune nyaya iri kuenderera mberi ikozvino.

Munhu akabatwa mumhosva

Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva ane kodzero yekuziviswa nezvenyaya yacho, kubatsirwa negweta kana Slachtofferhulp Nederland, kuongorora faira racho, uye munyaya dzakakomba dzekutaura kudare.

Munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anogonawo kukumbira muripo mukati menyaya yemhosva nekubatana semunhu akakuvara (art. 51f Sv), pafomu rinotumirwa nePublic Prosecution Service. Chikumbiro ichi chinogona kubhadhara mari yekurapwa, mari yakarasika, pfuma yakakuvara uye kukuvara kusiri kwechinhu. Dare rinobata nazvo chero bedzi zvisingaremedzi zvakanyanya nyaya yacho; kana zvakaoma kwazvo, zvinonzi hazvigamuchirwi uye munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva anosiyiwa kudare redzimhosva.

Kana chikumbiro chapihwa, dare rinowanzo sarudza muripo wezviri mumutemo. 36f Sr. Hurumende inobva yaunganidza mari, saka munhu anenge abatwa nemhosva haafanire kumanikidza munhu wacho pachake, uye kana mari yacho isina kubhadharwa mushure memwedzi misere Hurumende inobhadhara mari yacho pachayo. Kune vanenge vabatwa nemhosva dzechisimba nedzepabonde, inobhadhara mari yese isina kubhadharwa, pasina muganho; kune vanenge vabatwa nemhosva dzepfuma, muripo wacho unovharwa, pamari yakatarwa nemutemo uye inonyorwa gore rega rega. Zvakasiyana, Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven inogona kubhadhara vanenge vabatwa nemhosva dzechisimba dzakakomba, kusanganisira kana pasina anenge abatwa nemhosva.

Mhirizhonga mudzimba uye murairo wenguva pfupi wekudzingwa mudzimba

Mhirizhonga mudzimba haisi mhosva yakasiyana. Inotongwa sekurova, kutyisidzira, kutevera, kumanikidza kana mhosva yepabonde , pamwe ne art. 304 Sr inoiwedzera kana munhu anenge abatwa ari mudiwa, mubereki kana mwana. Chinosiyana mutemo wakakomberedza, wakanyorwa mu Aanwijzing huiselijk geweld en kindermishandeling (2022A001).

Zvinhu zviviri zvinoshamisa vanhu. Chekutanga, kupomerwa mhosva kunogona kuita zvakwo pachako — chinzvimbo chemunhu anenge abatwa chinotarisirwa asi hachina simba guru, uye mushumo kana wangoitwa haugone kubviswa, kunyangwe munhu anenge abatwa achigona kutaura kuti zvaanoda zvachinja. Chechipiri, maitiro acho akatarisana nehurongwa hwenyaya: matanho emhosva, ekutonga uye ehurumende anobatanidzwa nerutsigiro rwekuzvidira, rwunosanganisira Veilig Thuis, sevhisi yekuongorora mhosva neBhodhi reDziviriro yeVana.

Ndiani anoisa huisverbod, uye pamuedzo upi

Mutemo wekuti vanhu vasapinde mudzimba kwenguva pfupi pasi pemutemo weWet tijdelijk huisverbod inzira yekutonga, kwete chirango chemhosva. Unoiswa nameya , uyo mukuita kwake anopa simba kumupurisa mukuru ( hulpofficier van justitie ) kuitira kuti ugone kushandiswa chero nguva.

Murairo uyu unoda kuti munhu abve muimba yakatarwa nekukasika, unomurambidza kupinda kana kuva pedyo nayo, uye unorambidza kusangana nevanhu vanogara imomo. Muedzo ndewekuti chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza here kuti kuvapo kwavo kune njodzi huru uye yekukurumidza kuchengetedzeka kwenhengo dzemhuri, kana kuti fungidziro huru pamusoro payo. Uku kuongorora njodzi, kwete kuwanikwa kwemhosva: murairo unogona kuiswa pasina mhosva yakaratidzwa uye pasina kusungwa, uchitsigirwa nechishandiso chakarongeka chekuongorora njodzi. Chishandiso ichocho ndicho Risicotaxatie-instrument Huiselijk Geweld (RiHG), iyo mukuru wemapurisa anopedzisa: zviratidzo makumi maviri zvakarongwa pasi pemunhu ari kutaurwa nezvake, mafambiro echiitiko nemamiriro emhuri. Besluit tijdelijk huisverbod haitauri RiHG; inonyora chokwadi nemamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kuyerwa, uye RiHG ndicho chishandiso chinoshandiswa kuaronga. Shanduro iri kushandiswa ivhezheni 2.2, yakabudiswa muna 2008 uye haina kuzombogadziriswa kubvira ipapo - chinhu chakatsoropodzwa muongororo ya2024 yeAssociation of Netherlands Municipalities, iyo yakaona kuti yakatarisana nezviitiko uye isingaenderane neruzivo rwemazuva ano, asi ichiri chishandiso chiri kushandiswa. Kana paine kufungidzirwa kuti kushungurudzwa kwevana, meya anotaura naVeilig Thuis.

Nguva, kuwedzerwa uye kutyorwa kwemutemo

Mutemo uyu unoshanda kwemazuva gumi. Kana njodzi yacho, kana kuti kufungira kwacho kwakakomba, kukaramba kuripo, meya anogona kuwedzera kusvika kumavhiki mana kubva pazuva rawakaiswa. Nguva iyi inoshandiswa kuronga rutsigiro.

Kutyora mutemo uyu imhosva, inorangwa pasi pechikamu 11 chemutemo weWet tijdelijk huisverbod nekugara mujeri kwemakore maviri kana faindi yechikamu chechina. Nekuti zvinosanganisira kurambidzwa kutaura nemunhu, meseji kana kufona zvinogona kuva kutyora mutemo kunyangwe munhu wacho asingamboswederi pedyo nemba.

Kupikisa murairo — dare rakasiyana, nzira yakasiyana

Murairo uyu chisarudzo chekutonga, saka unopikiswa pamberi pedare rekutonga kuRechtbank, kwete dare remhosva. Nekuti mazuva gumi mashoma, mutemo unopa nzira yekukurumidzira: pamwe chete nekukwidza nyaya, munhu akabviswa anonyorera danho renguva pfupi (art. 8:81 Awb). Anofanira kunzwikwa mukati memazuva matatu uye mutongi anotonga pakarepo mushure meizvozvo; hapana muripo wedare unobhadhariswa. Gweta rinopihwa kuburikidza nebhodhi rerubatsiro rwemutemo kana munhu wacho asina (art. 5 yeMutemo iwoyo), uye vana vane makore gumi nemaviri zvichikwira vanogona kutaura maonero avo.

Idzi nzira dzakasiyana. Mutongi wehurumende ndiye anongosarudza chete kana meya aigona kugumisa zvine musoro kuti paive nenjodzi yakakura uye yekukurumidza. Kurasikirwa ipapo hazvirevi kuti munhu awanikwa aine mhosva; kukunda hakumisi kupomerwa mhosva.

Zvinoenderana sei nemutemo wemhuri

Mutemo wekudzingwa hausarudze kuti ndiani angagara mumhuri kwenguva yakareba, kana chimwe chinhu nezvevana. Izvozvo ndezvedare remhuri, mukurambana kana kuregererwa kwenguva pfupi; dare rehurumende rinogonawo kuisa kurambidzwa kwekubatana kana nzvimbo mumatanho mapfupi, nzira iyo pasina nyaya yemhosva kana mutemo wekudzingwa. Nzira dzinopindirana: kurambidzwa kwekubatana pakati pevabereki hakugumisi hukama hwemumwe mubereki nevana, uye mamiriro akabatanidzwa pamutongo wakamiswa anogona kupindirana nehurongwa hwedare remhuri.

Migumisiro kune vagari vekune dzimwe nyika

Kune chero ani zvake asiri mugari wekuDutch, mhosva yemhirizhonga ine divi rechipiri. IND inoshandisa bvunzo yepamutemo yeruzhinji kune mafomu ekugara uye mapemiti aripo: mhosva inogona kutungamira pakuramba, kusawedzerwa kana kubviswa. Bvunzo iyi inoshandisa chiyero chinotsveyama cheart. 3.86 yeVreemdelingenbesluit 2000, iyo inoyera mutongo wese nehurefu hwekugara zviri pamutemo: miganho inoratidzwa mumazuva nemwedzi yekuvharirwa uye inodonha sezvo kugara zviri pamutemo kuchiwedzera, saka kana munhu akagara pano zviri pamutemo kwenguva yakareba, mutongo unofanira kuva wakanyanya kuoma mvumo isati yave panjodzi. Vagari vemuEU nevagari venguva refu vane dziviriro yakasimba.

Kugadzwa kwemunhu mugari wemumba kunokanganiswa zvakasiyana. Munhu anenge achinyorera haafanire kuisa njodzi kurunyararo rweveruzhinji, rwunoongororwa mumakore mashanu chikumbiro chisati chaitwa uye kusvika pachisarudzo nemhemberero. Pasi pemutemo weHandleiding Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap, kugadzwa kwemunhu mugari wemumba hakubviswi nechirango chimwe chete chemari che€900 kana kupfuura; nezvirango zvakasiyana-siyana zve€450 kana kupfuura chimwe nechimwe che€1,350 kana kupfuura; nechirango chimwe chete chebasa remunharaunda chemaawa makumi matatu nematanhatu kana kupfuura; nezvirango zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa remunharaunda zvemaawa gumi nemasere kana kupfuura chimwe nechimwe chemaawa makumi mashanu nemana kana kupfuura; uye nechero mutongo wekuvharirwa, wakamiswa kana usina kumiswa. Kuongororwa kwemhosva kunokosha . Kugadzwa kwemunhu mugari wemumba kunogadziriswa nguva nenguva, saka tarisai zvibvumirano zviripo kana chikumbiro chaitwa. Chero ani zvake ane mvumo kana chikumbiro chiri kumirira anofanira kuchibvunza negweta rake remhosva pamusangano wekutanga.