Kutonga nyaya kunoreva kuti dare repachivande, kwete dare renyika, ndiro rinotonga nyaya yenyu nekuti imi nebato rimwe makabvumirana nazvo. Mutongo uyu unosunga uye unotevedzwa, uye dare rinogona kuubvisa padivi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvishoma; hapana kukwidza nyaya pamusoro penyaya iyi kunze kwekunge mabvumirana pane chimwe.
Mugumo iwoyo ndiwo mhedzisiro. Mukudzoka unowana munhu anoita sarudzo ane hunyanzvi muchikamu chako, maitiro amunogona kuzvigadzira uye mubairo unogona kushandiswa munyika dzinopfuura 170 pasi peNew York Convention. Kutonga nyaya kunowanzo kudhura kupfuura nyaya yedare rekutanga, uye chikanganiso mumubairo hachiwanzogadziriswa.
Chii chinonzi kutonga nyaya dzematare edzimhosva uye chinosiyana sei nezviri kumatare edzimhosva?
Kugadzirisa nyaya inzira yekutonga yakavanzika: mumwe kana kupfuura vanogadzirisa nyaya vanonzwa mativi ese maviri vopa sarudzo, iyo arbitral award (arbitraal vonnis). Kusiyana nemurevereri, mutongi haakubatsiri kusvika pachibvumirano asi ndiye anosarudza nyaya yacho.
MuNetherlands mitemo iri muBhuku rechina reDutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvording, Rv), Zvinyorwa 1020 kusvika 1077. Mutemo weDutch Arbitration uyu wakagadziriswazve musi wa1 Ndira 2015 uye unotevera tsika dzepasi rose zvakanyanya, kusanganisira UNCITRAL Model Law. Matare eDutch anotsigira arbitration uye anopindira chete kana Mutemo wacho wataura kudaro.
Misiyano mikuru iri mudare inoshanda. Unosarudza vatongi, mutauro uye nzvimbo yekugakava. Kunzwa kwenyaya hakusi pachena. Kutongwa kwenyaya mudare, zvakasiyana, kazhinji kunowanikwa pachena, mutongi ndiye anopiwa iwe uye maitiro acho anotevera Mutemo weMaitiro Evanhu uye mitemo yedare.
Munobvumirana sei nekugadzwa kwedare repamusoro?
Unoda chibvumirano chekugadza nyaya (overeenkomst tot arbitrage). Ichi chinogona kuva chikamu chiri muchibvumirano chako chinosanganisira kusawirirana mune ramangwana, kana chibvumirano chakasiyana chinoitwa kana gakava ramuka.
Pasi peChinyorwa 1020 Rv chibvumirano chinogona kufukidza gakava riripo uye gakava rinogona kubuda kubva muhukama hwepamutemo. Nyaya yacho inofanira kunge iri chinhu icho mapato anogona kugadzirisa akasununguka. Nyaya dzakadai sekurambana kana chinzvimbo chepamutemo chemunhu hadzigone kusarudzwa nevatongi. Pasi peChinyorwa 1021 Rv chibvumirano chekugakava chinosimbiswa nechikumbiro chakanyorwa, chinosanganisira e-mail kana mitemo yakajairika iyo bato rimwe chete rakabvuma.
Chitsauko chakanyorwa zvakanaka chinotaura nezvesangano rekugadzirisa nyaya dzematare kana mitemo, huwandu hwevatongi, nzvimbo yekugadza nyaya dzematare uye mutauro. Chitsauko chisina kujeka chinokoka gakava rakasiyana pamusoro pekuti dare rine simba here. Gakava iroro rinotora nguva nemari nyaya chaiyo isati yatombotanga.
Unogona kuvimba nechikamu chekugakava chinopikisa mutengi here?
Kusvika padanho diki chete. Pasi peChikamu 6:236 (n) cheDutch Civil Code (BW), chikamu chekugakava mumashoko akajairika chinoshandiswa kupikisana nemutengi chinofungidzirwa kuti chinorema zvisina musoro. Izvi zvinodaro kunze kwekunge mutengi apihwa mwedzi mumwe chete, mushure mekunge bhizinesi rashandisa chikamu ichi, kuti asarudze dare rine hunyanzvi panzvimbo paro.
Ndiani anosarudza nyaya yako mukugadzwa kwematare edzimhosva?
Vatongi ndivo vanosarudza. Iwe nemumwe munhu munovasarudza, zvakananga kana kuburikidza nehurongwa hwesangano revatongi rawakasarudza.
Mutongi wenyaya anoita semutongi wepachivande. Vatongi vazhinji magweta, asi mainjiniya wekuvaka, muchengeti wemabhuku kana imwe nyanzvi inogonawo kugara mudare kana gakava richida ruzivo rwehunyanzvi. Pasi pemutemo weDutch Arbitration Act, dare rinofanira kunge riine vatongi vakawanda. Mutongi wenyaya anofanira kunge akazvimiririra uye asina rusaruro. Mutongi wenyaya anofanira kuburitsa pachena chero mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukonzera kusava nechokwadi kwakakodzera pamusoro peizvi, uye bato rinogona kupikisa mutongi wenyaya nekuda kwezvikonzero izvozvo.
Mutongi mumwe chete kana vatatu?
Izvi zvinoenderana nehukuru uye kuoma kwenyaya yacho. Mutongi wega ndiye anoderedza mari inoshandiswa uye anotonga nyaya iri nyore ine huwandu hushoma huripo.
Munyaya yakaoma kana ine kukosha kukuru, boka revanhu vatatu rinowanzoonekwa. Bato rega rega rinosarudza mutongi mumwe chete, uye vatongi vaviri ivavo, kana kuti sangano, vanosarudza sachigaro. Dare revanhu vatatu rinounza maonero akawanda asi rinodhurawo zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura mari yevatongi. Isa nhamba yacho muchikamu chako chekugadzirisa nyaya, kuitira kuti usazotaura nezvazvo gare gare.
Ndeipi mitemo nemasangano aunogona kusarudza?
Unogona kusarudza kugakava kwepachivande, uko mapato nedare redzimhosva vanoronga maitiro enyaya ivo pachavo, kana kugakava kwemasangano pasi pemitemo yesangano rekugadzirisa nyaya. Kune mabhizinesi mazhinji sangano ndiyo sarudzo yakachengeteka.
Mitemo yesangano inovhara kugadzwa kwevatongi, kupanana makopi emashoko akanyorwa, kunzwa nyaya, kubata humbowo nemari inoshandiswa. Kana mitemo yacho isina kunyorwa, Mutemo weDutch Arbitration Act unozadza mipata kana nzvimbo yekugadzwa kwevatongi iri muNetherlands. Mapato akasunungukawo kubvumirana pane zvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita sehuwandu hwematanho akanyorwa kana nguva yekupedzisira yekupa mubairo.
NAI neICC zvinoshanda sei?
Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI) iri muRotterdam ndiyo sangano guru rekugadzirisa nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika muNetherlands. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) iri muParis inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa nyaya dzekutengeserana dzepasi rose.
Masangano ese ari maviri anotungamira nyaya kubva pachikumbiro chekugadzirisa nyaya kusvika pakupa mutongo wekupedzisira. Anotarisa kana vatongi vakazvimiririra, vanoisa kana kutarisira mari uye vanogadzirisa matambudziko. Dare reICC rinoongororawo mibairo yakanyorwa pafomu ravo isati yaburitswa. Mitemo yeNAI ine chisungo chekuchengetedza zvakavanzika kune mapato nevatongi. Muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana kune masangano akasarudzika, semuenzaniso Bhodhi reKugadzirisa Nyaya dzeIndasitiri yeKuvaka (Raad van Arbitrage voor de Bouw) remakakatanwa ekuvaka.
Sei mabhizinesi achisarudza arbitration muNetherlands?
Nekuti mutemo weDutch Arbitration Act uri wemazuva ano, matare anoremekedza zvibvumirano zvekugakava uye mibairo yeDutch inotevedzwa kunze kwenyika. Netherlands inoonekwawo senzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera kune mapato anobva kunyika dzakasiyana.
Kana rimwe bato rikatanga nyaya dzedare pasinei nechibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya, dare reDutch rinozivisa kuti harina simba rekutonga nyaya, chero bedzi rimwe bato rikashandisa chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya risati raendesa dziviriro (Chinyorwa 1022 Rv). Zvisinei, dare reDutch rinogona kupa rubatsiro rwechinguvana mumatanho epfupiso (kort geding) apo kutonga nyaya kuchiri kumirira, semuenzaniso kuchengetedza humbowo kana midziyo.
Netherlands yakabatana neNew York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards muna 1958. Mubairo wakapihwa muna Amsterdam kana kuti Rotterdam inogona kusimbiswa mune dzimwe nyika dzese dzine zvibvumirano, zvichienderana nezvikonzero zvishoma zvekuramba zviri muChibvumirano ichocho. Kunzwa kunogona kuitwa muChirungu uye vatongi vazhinji vekuDutch nemagweta vanoshanda muChirungu zuva rega rega.
Chii chinoitika panguva yekugadzwa kwedare repamusoro?
Munhu anenge akumbira mhosva anoisa chikumbiro chekugadzwa kwedare redzimhosva, dare rinoumbwa, mapato anopana zvinyorwa uye kazhinji pane kunzwa nyaya yacho nemuromo. Dare rinozopa mutongo waro.
Mutemo weDutch Arbitration Act unoda kuti dare ribate mapato zvakaenzana uye ripe mumwe nemumwe wavo mukana wekutaura nyaya yaro. Humbowo hunonyanya kuve hwakanyorwa, hunotsigirwa nemashoko ezvapupu uye, pazvinenge zvichidikanwa, mishumo yenyanzvi. Hapana chisungo chakakura chekupa magwaro ese emukati; bato rinogona kukumbira dare kuti rirayire rimwe divi kuti riburitse magwaro chaiwo. Dare rinogonawo kuraira bato kuti ribhadhare mari yekugakava, kusanganisira mari yematare inonzwisisika.
Kuti kutonga kwedare redzimhosva kunotora nguva yakareba sei zvichienderana nenyaya yacho uye kuti dare rinoumbwa nekukurumidza sei. Nyaya iri nyore inogona kusarudzwa mukati memwedzi yakati wandei; nyaya yakaoma yepasi rose ine nyaya dzakawanda dzakatumirwa uye nyanzvi dzinogona kutora nguva yakareba.
Unogona kupikisa mubairo wedare repamusoro here?
Pazvikonzero zvidiki chete. Unogona kukumbira dare repamusoro (gerechtshof) kuti ribvise mutongo uyu, asi dare haritarise kana vatongi vakatonga nyaya yacho nemazvo zvichienderana nepfungwa dzavo.
Pasi peChinyorwa 1065(1) Rv, mutongo unogona kungobviswa chete kana pasina chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya, dare rakaumbwa richityora mitemo inoshanda, dare harina kutevedzera zvaraifanira kuita, mutongo hauna kusainwa kana kuti hauna zvikonzero, kana mutongo kana nzira yawakaitwa nayo ichipesana nehurongwa hweveruzhinji. Chikumbiro chekubviswa kwenyaya chinofanira kuunzwa kudare repamusoro mukati memwedzi mitatu mushure mekunge mutongo watumirwa kumapato (Chinyorwa 1064a Rv). Kukwidza nyaya kudare rechipiri rekugadzirisa nyaya kunogoneka chete kana mapato akabvumirana nazvo (Chinyorwa 1061b Rv).
Mubairo unosimbiswa sei?
Kuti musimbise mutongo weDutch kune munhu asingade, munofanira kupihwa mvumo yekumanikidza (exequatur) kubva kumutongi wedare redunhu (voorzieningenrechter). Kana mvumo yangopihwa, muchengeti wematare anogona kumanikidza mutongo wacho nenzira imwecheteyo nemutongo wedare. Pamutongo wekunze kwenyika, New York Convention inoshanda.
Unofanira kusarudza rini kutonga nyaya, uye rini usingasarudze?
Kutonga nyaya kunokodzera zvibvumirano zvepasi rose, gakava rehunyanzvi uye nyaya dzekuvanzika kwenyaya. Hazvina kukodzera zvakanyanya kune zvichemo zvidiki kana kuti paungade kukwidzwa nyaya kwakazara.
Funga nezvemibvunzo mitatu usati wasaina. Ko rimwe bato riri munyika here umo mutongo wedare reDutch wakaoma kuushandisa, nepo mutongo wedare repamusoro uchigamuchirwa? Gakava iri rinoda ruzivo rwenyanzvi rwaungade kusatsanangurira mutongi wezvemitemo here? Uye mari iri munjodzi yakakura zvakakwana here kuti ikwanise kururamisa mari dzevatongi nemitengo yekutonga yesangano? Kana mhinduro yezvose zvitatu iri kwete, dare reDutch rinogona kukubatsira zviri nani. Matare eDutch anopawo Dare reCommerce reNetherlands (NCC), iro rinonzwa nyaya dzekutengeserana dzepasi rose muchiRungu.
Chii chaunofanira kuita kana gakava rikamuka?
Kutanga tarisa chibvumirano chako kuti uone kana paine chikamu chekugadza nyaya, woverenga mitemo yacho woisa mazita ayo. Mitemo iyoyo ndiyo inotara nguva yekutanga uye inokuudza kuti ungatanga sei nyaya yacho.
Kana uri iwe uri mumhan'ari, gadzirira chikumbiro chako chekugadzwa kwenyaya nemagwaro anotsigira chikumbiro chako. Kana uri iwe mumhan'ari, nyora nguva yekupedzisira yekupindura kwako uye yekugadzwa kwemutongi wako; kushaya izvozvo kunogona kureva kuti sangano rinokugadza mumwe. Kana uchitenda kuti hapana chibvumirano chekugadzirisa nyaya, taura izvozvo usati wataura dziviriro yako pamusoro pezvakakosha, zvikasadaro unogona kurasikirwa nenharo. Uye kana uchida kupikisa mubairo, yeuka nguva yemwedzi mitatu yeChinyorwa 1064a Rv.
Muchidimbu
- Kutonga nyaya dzematare edzimhosva kunosunga kutonga kwepachivande kwakavakirwa pachibvumirano pakati pemapato, chinotongwa muNetherlands neBhuku rechina reMutemo weMaitiro eVanhu.
- Unosarudza vatongi, mitemo, nzvimbo uye mutauro; misangano haisi yeruzhinji.
- Mutongo unogona kungobviswa padivi chete nekuda kwezvikonzero zvidiki zveChikamu 1065 Rv, nedare repamusoro, mukati memwedzi mitatu.
- Mibairo inopihwa muNetherlands inosungirwa kushanda munyika dzinopfuura 170 pasi peNew York Convention.
- Chitsauko chakajeka chekugadza nyaya, chakanyorwa gakava risati ramuka, chinodzivirira kurwa kunodhura pamusoro pesimba rekutonga nyaya.
Mibvunzo inowanzobvunzwa
Ko mutongo wedare repamusoro unosungirwa here?
Ehe. Mutongo uyu une simba rakafanana nerekutongwa kwedare pakati pemapato. Kuti usimbiswe unofanira kupihwa mvumo kubva kumutongi wedare redunhu.
Nyaya yekugadzwa kwematare edzimhosva yakavanzika here?
Kunzwa nyaya hakuzi pachena. Kuvanzika kwemagwaro uye mubhadharo zvinoenderana nemitemo yawakasarudza; semuenzaniso, mitemo yeNAI ine chisungo chekuchengetedza zvakavanzika.
Ndingakwanisa here kuenda kudare kana chibvumirano changu chine chikamu chekugadzirisa nyaya?
Hazvina kunaka nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekukakavadzana, chero bedzi mumwe munhu akashandisa chikamu ichi nenguva. Unogona kukumbira dare reDutch kuti rikupe matanho ekukurumidzira ekugadzirisa nyaya iyi.
At Law & More Tinoronga zvikamu zvekugakava, tinopa mazano ekuti kugakava kunokodzera here chibvumirano chako uye tinomiririra vatengi mumatare edzimhosva pamwe nenyaya dzedare dzine chekuita nazvo. Kuti uwane rugwaro rweDutch Arbitration Act, ona Dutch Code yeCivil Procedurekune nyika dzinoshandisa Chibvumirano cheNew York, ona Rondedzero yemamiriro eUNCITRAL.
Hauzive kuti uri papi? Tiudze nezvemamiriro ako ezvinhu. Tichakuzivisa zvaungasarudza mukati mezuva rimwe chete rekushanda.
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